宋学波
摘要：众所周知，在英语写作中，固定句式的应用非常重要。句式使用准确率越高，得到的分数也会相应提高。本文重点探讨There be结构的教与学。
关键词：英语写作；there be结构；教学
中图分类号：G632.0 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1992-7711（2017）07-0015
众所周知，在英语写作中，固定句式的应用非常重要。句式使用准确率越高，得到的分数也会相应提高。本文重点探讨there be结构的教与学。
首先，there be +主语+状语，意为某处有（存在）某人或某物，其中要注意be的变化，其有现在时is/are、过去时was/were、将来时will be/（is/are） going to be及完成时have/has been的情形，此时主语一般为可数名词。
其次，there be +主语+状语句式中，主语可为不可数名词，此时be全部用单数形式（特殊情况除外）。
再次，将there be句式变为否定句时，一般情况下在be后加not即可，但在将来时和完成时中，not应位于助动词之后be之前。否定句中遇some变any；遇a lot of变many或much；遇something/ somebody变nothing/ nobody。
最后，there be +主语+状语句式，可转化为主语+be+表语。eg：There are some books on the desk.=Some books are on the desk.
本文将对there be 的结构特征从以下几个方面详细分析：
一、there be结构的肯定句
英语表示某时某处有（指存在）某人某物时用“there be+主语+状语”句型。eg：There are twenty boys in our class.
there be结构中，there是引导词，无词义，be是谓语动词，be后面的名词是主语，两者必须在数上保持一致；若有两个及以上主语时，谓语常与靠近它的那个主语一致。eg：There is a book on the desk./There are water and grass on this place.
二、there be的否定句和疑问结构
1. 否定式（表“没有……”）：There be +not （any）/no+主语...eg：There are not any people in the room.There is no air and no water on the moon.
2. 疑问句①一般疑问句：Be + there +（any/no）+主语...？
eg：-Is there any water in the glass？-Yes，there is some./-No，there isnt（any）.
②特殊疑问句：当提问定语或状语时，常用疑问词（+名词）+be + there +状语？eg：How many students are there in your class？
當提问定语时，对可数名词用how many 提问，对不可数名词用how much提问。eg：There is a sheep under the tree（对划线部分提问）。提问：How many sheep are there under the tree？
当提问主语时，不论单复数，均用what 提问，且谓语用单数，最重要的是there 要去掉，而回答时用单数或复数均可。
eg：There are some sheep under the tall tree. 提问：Whats under the tall tree？回答：There are some sheep./There is a sheep.
③反义疑问句：肯定句（There be +主语+状语）的反问句用Isnt /Arent+ there？否定句（There be not+主语+状语）的反问句用Is/Are+ there构成，切不可用it/ they代替there。eg：There is some coffee in the cup， isnt there？/There is nobody in the classroom， is there？
三、there be结构中的时态、助动词以及情态动词
there be结构中be有不同的时态，且同各种助动词或情态动词连用。eg：There was a lot of rain last year./There must/can be someone in the room.
四、“There be”结构中谓语动词的其他形式
下面，我们将对there be的其他结构进行补充说明。
1. 某时有某时 ：There are 12 months in a year.
2. 预报天气：There will be heavy rain this evening.
3. 有某人做某事：There is somebody singing in the room.
4. 表推测：（There must/can/may sb./sth.+介词短语）There must/ can/ may be someone in the classroom.
5. 固定句式：①There is no sense/no purpose/no point/no use/no good in doing sth.做某事没有意义。There is no sense in helping such a man like him.endprint
②There is no / some difficulty/ trouble/ problem in doing sth.做某事没有/有些困难。There is no difficulty in finishing the work in 2 hours.
6. 独立主格：There being（Because there was） no money on me，I had to borrow some from Lily.
7. there be的复合结构：eg：①I want there to be a home.②Ann never dreams of there being a chance for her to be sent abroad for study one day.
8. there be的被动语态：eg：There is said/reported to be a film tomorrow evening.
9. There seems/happens/appears/used to be+sth./sb.……好像/碰巧/过去常常有。
eg：There seems to be nobody in the hall.
10. 除be外，能与there连用的系动词有stands /lives/exists/lies。
eg：There exists a greedy old man in the town.
11. There is no need to do sth.没有必要做某事。eg：There is no need to kill him.
12. There is sth./nothing wrong/the matter with sb./sth.=Sth./Nothing is wrong with sb.eg：There is something wrong with my eyes.
13. 动名词在there be结构中做主语的情形：there is no doing sth.
eg：There is no denying the fact.
綜上所述，只要学生由浅入深、逐步理解、多加练习，牢记本文所讲，从肯定句、否定句、特殊问句、反问句及主语的变化影响到be的变化，要牢记心间，特别把时态及其高级句式背会并熟练使用。这样做的话，笔者认为一定会学好的。endprint
