David Guile 鏉滄爲闃?绠¤緣
鎽?瑕?鏈爺绌舵瘮杈冧簡宸ヤ綔缁忛獙鐨勪袱绉嶆ā寮忊€斺€斿伐浣滅粡楠岀殑琛旀帴绫诲瀷瀛﹀拰鐭ヨ瘑妯″瀷鐨勫啀鎯呭鍖栵紝骞朵娇鐢ㄥ伐浣滅粡楠岃繖涓€鏈鏉ユ寚浠ｅ弬鍔犲鏍″拰瀛﹀緬鑱屼笟鏁欒偛涓庡煿璁殑骞磋交浜哄浣曞皢浠栦滑鐨勬暀鑲茬粡楠岋紙浠ヨ幏寰楅鍩熺煡璇嗕负浠ｈ〃锛夊拰宸ヤ綔缁忛獙锛堜互鑱屼笟浠峰€艰銆佹妧鑳藉拰鐭ヨ瘑涓轰唬琛級琛旀帴璧锋潵鐨勬柟寮忋€傝繖涓ょ妯″紡涔嬮棿鐨勮仈绯绘槸锛屽畠浠兘鎵胯鏁欒偛鍜屽伐浣滀箣闂村瓨鍦ㄧ潃涓€绉嶄腑浠嬪叧绯汇€傚墠鑰呬粠璺ㄧ晫鐨勮搴︽帰璁ㄤ簡杩欑鍏崇郴锛岄噸鐐瑰叧娉ㄥ涔犺€呭湪鏁欒偛鍜屽伐浣滀箣闂寸殑娴佸姩锛屽苟纭畾涓庝笉鍚屽伐浣滅粡楠屾ā寮忕浉鍏崇殑缁撴灉;鍚庤€呬晶閲嶄簬鐭ヨ瘑鍦ㄦ暀鑲插拰宸ヤ綔鐜涓殑琛ㄧ幇浠ュ強瀛︿範鑰呭湪杩欎袱绉嶇幆澧冧腑鐨勬祦鍔ㄥ強鍏剁浉浜掍綔鐢紝鍏朵笉鍚屼簬琛旀帴绫诲瀷瀛︼紝鍥犱负鍏惰€冭檻鍒颁簡鏁欒偛鍜屽伐浣滅幆澧冪殑涓粙鎬ц川浠ュ強閫氳繃宸ヤ綔缁忛獙瀛︿範鐨勮繃绋嬨€傚湪鍐嶆儏澧冨寲鐨勬蹇佃儗鏅笅锛屾暟瀛楀拰绉诲姩鎶€鏈篃鍙互浣滀负璧勬簮锛岄€氳繃瀛︽牎鍜屼互瀛﹀緬涓哄熀纭€鐨勮亴涓氭暀鑲蹭笌鍩硅鐨勫伐浣滅粡楠屼績杩涘涔犮€?/p>
鍏抽敭璇?宸ヤ綔缁忛獙;鑱屼笟鏁欒偛涓庡煿璁?琛旀帴绫诲瀷瀛?鍐嶆儏澧冨寲
涓浘鍒嗙被鍙?G710 鏂囩尞鏍囪瘑鐮?A 鏂囩珷缂栧彿 1008-3219锛?020锛?9-0006-10
涓€銆佸簭瑷€
鏈爺绌剁殑鐩殑鏄瘮杈冧袱绉嶅伐浣滅粡楠屾ā鍨嬶紝骞跺湪姝よ繃绋嬩腑纭畾瀹冧滑瀵硅亴涓氭暀鑲蹭笌鍩硅锛圴ET锛夎璁″拰瀹炴柦鐨勫奖鍝嶃€傚绗竴绉嶆ā鍨嬬殑鎻忚堪鈥斺€斿伐浣滅粡楠岀殑琛旀帴绫诲瀷瀛︼紙Connective typology of work experience锛夋槸鍩轰簬鍏堝墠鍙戣〃鐨勪笌鎵樺凹路鏍奸噷鑿叉柉锛圱oni Griffiths锛夊叡鍚屾挵鍐欑殑鏂囩珷銆傝繖绉嶇被鍨嬪鏄熀浜庨煢浼殑鐞嗘兂绫诲瀷姒傚康鍦ㄥ伐浣滅粡楠屼腑鐨勫簲鐢ㄨ€屾瀯寤虹殑锛屽叾鐩殑鏄細涓€鏄鏄庢暀鑲叉満鏋勩€侀泧涓诲拰鏀跨瓥鍒跺畾鑰呭宸ヤ綔缁忛獙鐩殑鎵€浣滅殑鍋囪濡備綍褰卞搷绫诲瀷瀛︿腑鍖呭惈鐨勪笉鍚屾ā鍨嬬殑姣忎釜闃舵銆佹椂鏈熷拰缁撴灉鐨勮璁?浜屾槸鍗忓姪鎵€鏈夊弬涓庤鍒掑拰瀹炴柦宸ヤ綔缁忛獙鍩硅鐨勫悇鏂硅璇嗗埌浠栦滑鍦ㄤ績杩涘涔犺€呭湪姣忎釜涓嶅悓闃舵涔嬮棿寤虹珛鑱旂郴鏂归潰鍙戞尌鐨勯噸瑕佷綔鐢ㄣ€傚伐浣滅粡楠岃繖涓€鏈鍦ㄧ被鍨嬪涓鐢ㄦ潵鎸囦互瀛︽牎鍜屽寰掍负鍩虹鐨勮亴涓氭暀鑲蹭笌鍩硅瀛︿範鑰呭浣曞皢浠栦滑鐨勬暀鑲茬粡楠岋紙浠ヨ幏寰楅鍩熺煡璇嗕负浠ｈ〃锛夊拰浠栦滑鐨勫伐浣滅粡楠岋紙浠ヨ亴涓氫环鍊艰銆佹妧鑳藉拰鐭ヨ瘑涓轰唬琛級鐩镐簰鑱旂郴銆傜劧鑰岋紝褰撴椂浜轰滑鎵胯锛屽叧浜庡寰掑埗鐨勬枃鐚湪鎻忚堪瀛﹀緬鍦ㄥ伐浣滃満鎵€鐨勫涔犳椂鍊惧悜浜庝娇鐢ㄥ伐浣滆€屼笉鏄伐浣滅粡楠岃繖涓瘝銆傜劧鑰岋紝涓轰簡鍦ㄧ被鍨嬪涓彁渚涗竴鑷寸殑璇嶆眹锛屽湪鍩轰簬瀛︽牎鍜屽寰掑埗鐨勮亴涓氭暀鑲蹭笌鍩硅涓紝宸ヤ綔缁忛獙涓€璇嶈鐢ㄦ潵鎸囦唬瀛镐範鑰呯殑宸ヤ綔缁忓巻銆?/p>
绗簩绉嶆ā鍨嬧€斺€旂煡璇嗙殑鍐嶆儏澧冨寲妯″瀷锛圧econtextualisation of knowledge model锛夋槸鍩轰簬绗旇€呯殑涓撹憲銆婄煡璇嗙粡娴庣殑瀛︿範鎸戞垬銆嬶紙Guile锛?2010锛変腑鎻愬嚭鐨勨€滄枃鍖栤€斿巻鍙叉椿鍔ㄨ鈥濈殑褰卞搷锛屽叾鏄寚锛屽湪涓€瀹氱殑鑳屾櫙涓嬶紝鎵€鏈夋枃鍖栧伐鍏峰拰鐭ヨ瘑褰㈠紡閮藉彈鍒板伐鍏锋湇鍔＄洰鐨勭殑褰卞搷銆傚洜姝わ紝璇ユā鍨嬫彁渚涗簡涓€绉嶆柟寮忥細鑰冭檻鐭ヨ瘑褰㈠紡鍦ㄧ寮€鍏跺師濮嬭儗鏅紙瀛︾鎴栧伐浣滃満鎵€绛夛級鏃跺浣曞彂鐢熷彉鍖栵紝浠庤€屾垚涓烘暀鑲叉満鏋勮绋嬫垨宸ヤ綔鍦烘墍鑱屼笟瀹炶返鐨勪竴閮ㄥ垎銆傚師鍒欎笂锛屽伐浜哄拰瀛︿範鑰呭弬涓庤绋嬪拰鑱屼笟瀹炶返鍙互淇冭繘浠栦滑铻嶅叆涓€绉嶈亴涓氬舰寮忕殑璁よ瘑鍜屽疄璺碉紝鎴栬€呮槸涓€绉嶅涓嶅悓褰㈠紡鑱屼笟瀹炶返鐨勮璇嗐€?/p>
鍥犳锛岃繖涓ょ妯″瀷涔嬮棿鐨勫叡鍚岃仈绯绘槸锛屽畠浠兘璁や负鍦ㄦ暀鑲插拰宸ヤ綔涔嬮棿瀛樺湪鐫€涓€绉嶄腑浠嬪叧绯汇€傚伐浣滅粡楠岀殑琛旀帴绫诲瀷瀛︿粠璺ㄧ晫鐨勮搴︽帰璁ㄤ簡杩欑鍏崇郴锛屽叾鍏虫敞瀛︿範鑰呭湪鏁欒偛鍜屽伐浣滀箣闂寸殑娴佸姩锛岀‘瀹氫笌涓嶅悓宸ヤ綔缁忛獙妯″紡鐩稿叧鐨勭粨鏋滐紝骞跺湪杩欐牱鍋氱殑杩囩▼涓紝鎶婃暀鑲插拰宸ヤ綔鑳屾櫙浣滀负涓€涓粰瀹氱殑鏉′欢銆傜浉鍙嶏紝鍐嶆儏澧冨寲妯″瀷渚ч噸浜庣煡璇嗗湪鏁欒偛鍜屽伐浣滅幆澧冧腑鐨勮〃鐜颁互鍙婂涔犺€呭湪杩欎袱绉嶇幆澧冧腑涓庝袱鑰呬箣闂存椿鍔ㄧ殑鐩镐簰浣滅敤銆傚叾鏄庣‘鑰冭檻浜嗘暀鑲插拰宸ヤ綔鐜鐨勪腑浠嬫€ц川浠ュ強閫氳繃宸ヤ綔缁忛獙瀛︿範鐨勮繃绋嬶紝鐢辨涓庤鎺ョ被鍨嬪褰㈡垚浜嗗姣斻€?/p>
棣栧厛锛屾湰鐮旂┒姒傝堪浜?0涓栫邯80骞翠唬鏈拰90骞翠唬鍒濃€滅煡璇嗏€濓紙OECD锛?1995锛夊拰鈥滃涔犫€濓紙Sfard锛?1998锛夊湪鐮旂┒鍜屾斂绛栨柟闈㈢殑浜夎褰卞搷浜嗗伐浣滅粡楠岃鎺ョ被鍨嬪鐨勫舰鎴愶紝鍦ㄦ弿杩颁箣鍓嶏紝琛旀帴绫诲瀷瀛︿腑鍖呭惈鐨勪簲绉嶅伐浣滅粡楠屾ā寮忎负瀛︿範鑰呮彁渚涗簡璁块棶涓嶅悓璧勬簮鐨勯€斿緞锛屼互渚垮皢浠栦滑鐨勬暀鑲茬粡楠屽拰宸ヤ綔缁忛獙鐩镐簰鏁村悎銆傜劧鍚庯紝寮鸿皟浜嗕笌绫诲瀷瀛︾浉鍏崇殑涓€浜涢檺鍒讹紝骞跺睍绀轰簡鍐嶆儏澧冨寲妯″紡鏄浣曞疄鐜扮殑锛屼互鏄庣‘瑙ｅ喅鐩稿叧闄愬埗鍥犵礌锛屽苟鍦ㄨ繖鏍峰仛鐨勮繃绋嬩腑锛屼繚鐣欏拰鎺ㄨ繘浜嗗琛旀帴绫诲瀷瀛﹀舰鎴愪骇鐢熼噸澶у奖鍝嶇殑鐭ヨ瘑鍜屽涔犱簤璁恒€傚叾娆★紝鏈爺绌堕€氳繃璁ㄨ杩欎竴杩囩▼鐨勫洓绉嶄笉鍚岃〃杈炬柟寮忊€斺€旀儏澧冦€佹暀瀛︺€佸伐浣滃満鎵€鍜屽涔犺€呬笌鍩轰簬瀛︽牎鍜屽寰掑埗鐨勮亴涓氭暀鑲蹭笌鍩硅鐨勫叧绯伙紝姒傝堪浜嗙煡璇嗙殑鍐嶆儏澧冨寲妯″紡瀵瑰伐浣滅粡楠岀殑褰卞搷銆傛渶鍚庯紝閫氳繃浣跨敤鍐嶆儏澧冨寲妯″瀷鏉ラ娴嬫湭鏉ワ紝寮鸿皟濡備綍灏嗘暟瀛楀拰绉诲姩鎶€鏈綔涓鸿祫婧愶紝閫氳繃鍩轰簬瀛︽牎鍜屽寰掑埗鐨勮亴涓氭暀鑲插拰鍩硅涓殑宸ヤ綔缁忛獙鏉ヤ績杩涘涔犮€?/p>
浜屻€佸伐浣滅粡楠岀殑琛旀帴妯″瀷
20涓栫邯90骞翠唬锛屼笘鐣屽悇鍦扮殑鐮旂┒鍜屾斂绛栭鍩熷洿缁曚互涓嬮棶棰樺紑灞曚簡閲嶅ぇ杈╄锛氫粠鈥滅煡璇嗙粡娴庘€濈殑姒傚康鍑哄彂锛屽垎鏋愮煡璇嗗湪缁忔祹涓殑鏂拌鑹诧紝浠ュ強鈥滆鐭モ€濅笌鈥滄儏澧冣€濆涔犵悊璁虹殑鐩稿浼樼偣銆傛濡備笅闈㈠皢瑙ｉ噴鐨勯偅鏍凤紝杩欎袱鍦鸿京璁洪兘瀵瑰熀浜庡伐浣滅粡楠岀殑琛旀帴绫诲瀷瀛︾殑褰㈡垚浜х敓浜嗛噸澶у奖鍝嶃€?/p>
锛堜竴锛夌煡璇嗙粡娴庝簤璁哄強鍏跺宸ヤ綔缁忛獙鐨勫奖鍝?/p>
浜轰滑鏈€鍒濆缁忔祹鍜屾妧鏈彉闈╀笌鐭ヨ瘑鍦ㄧ粡娴庝腑浣滅敤澧炲己涔嬮棿鍏崇郴鐨勫叴瓒ｈ捣婧愪簬20涓栫邯60骞翠唬鏈拰70骞翠唬鍒濆叧浜庝粠宸ヤ笟绀句細杩囨浮鍒板悗宸ヤ笟绀句細鐨勭ぞ浼氬杈╄锛圔ell锛?1973; Touraine锛?1969锛夛紝骞跺湪20涓栫邯90骞翠唬涓湡杈惧埌楂樻疆锛岃涓轰俊鎭紙Castells锛?1996锛夋垨鐭ヨ瘑锛圫tehr锛?1994锛夌ぞ浼氬凡缁忓彇浠ｄ簡鍚庡伐涓氱ぞ浼氥€傚皢杩欎簺鍏充簬缁忔祹鍜屾妧鏈彉闈╂寔缁彂灞曢€熷害鐨勫樊寮傜殑瑙ｉ噴鑱旂郴璧锋潵鐨勫叡鍚屼富棰樺寘鎷細棣栧厛锛岀瀛︾煡璇嗙幇鍦ㄦ槸缁忔祹鐢熶骇銆佹斂娌昏皟鑺傚強绀句細鍜屾枃鍖栫敓娲诲ぇ閮ㄥ垎棰嗗煙鐨勬牳蹇?鍏舵锛屾柊鐨勮储瀵屾潵婧愬熀浜庝釜浜哄拰缁勭粐鍒涢€犳€у湴浣跨敤绉戝鎴栫悊璁虹煡璇嗙殑鑳藉姏銆傚洜姝わ紝鍏充簬鐭ヨ瘑缁忔祹鐨勭ぞ浼氬璁や负锛岀紪鐮佸寲鐨勭煡璇嗗凡缁忔垚涓哄晢鍝佸拰鏈嶅姟鐢熶骇鐨勪腑蹇冿紝鏄晢鍝佸拰鏈嶅姟杩涗竴姝ユ墿寮犵殑棣栬鏉′欢锛屼篃鏄檺鍒剁粡娴庡闀跨殑棣栬鏉′欢銆?/p>
杩欑鍏充簬鐭ヨ瘑鍦ㄧ粡娴庡彂灞曚腑浣滅敤澧炲己鐨勪簤璁哄湪20涓栫邯90骞翠唬寮曞彂浜嗕竴鍦哄叧浜庣煡璇嗗鍒涙柊璐＄尞鐨勭浉鍏宠京璁恒€備紶缁熶笂锛屽垱鏂拌璁や负鏄竴涓鐢熻繃绋嬶紝鐢卞湪宸ヤ綔鍦烘墍澶栧紑鍙戠殑楂樺害鎶借薄鍜岀紪绾傜殑绉戝鐭ヨ瘑褰㈠紡鐨勫簲鐢ㄦ墍椹卞姩锛圫tehr锛?1994锛夈€傜幇鍦紝鍦ㄧ粍缁囩瀛︾瓑棰嗗煙鍑虹幇浜嗕竴绉嶅叧浜庡垱鏂扮殑鏂颁富寮狅紝鍏朵腑蹇冩€濇兂鏄紝鏂扮殑缁忔祹鍜岀粍缁囬渶姹傚凡缁忓嚭鐜帮紝浣夸紒涓氶潰涓磋秺鏉ヨ秺澶х殑鍘嬪姏锛岃姹備粬浠娇鐢ㄦ棤褰㈣祫浜э紙鍔冲姩鍔涚殑鐭ヨ瘑鍜屾妧鑳斤級鏉ュ垱鏂帮紝骞朵负鑲′笢鍜屽鎴峰垱閫犱环鍊硷紙Nonaka & Takeuchi锛?1995; Spender & Grant锛?1996锛夈€備粠杩欎釜瑙掑害鏉ョ湅锛屽垱鏂版棦鏄竴涓鐢熺殑杩囩▼锛屼篃鏄竴涓唴鐢熺殑杩囩▼銆傚叾鍙互閫氳繃寮€鍙戜紒涓氬唴閮ㄧ幇鏈夌殑鐭ヨ瘑鎴栦俊鎭紝涔熷彲浠ラ€氳繃搴旂敤绉戝鐭ヨ瘑鏉ュ埡婵€锛屼粠鑰屽湪浼犵粺涓氬姟鍜屽競鍦轰腑鎻愪緵鏇撮珮鐨勪环鍊硷紙Kim & Mauborgne锛?1998锛夈€傚洜姝わ紝浠庣粍缁囩爺绌剁殑瑙掑害鏉ョ湅锛屽伐浣滃満鎵€闈复鐨勬寫鎴樻槸寤虹珛銆佸悎骞跺拰鏁村悎宸ヤ綔鍦烘墍绀惧尯鐨勭煡璇嗚祫浜э紝浠ュ府鍔╀粬浠彁楂樹骇鍝佸拰鏈嶅姟璐ㄩ噺锛圢onaka & Teece锛?2001锛夈€?/p>
鍦ㄦ鐩燂紝鐜板湪鎵€鏈夊舰寮忕殑鐭ヨ瘑閮芥槸璐㈠瘜鍜屽垱鏂扮殑涓昏鏉ユ簮锛岃繖涓€瑙傜偣鍦ㄦ娲茬粓韬涔犲蹇樺綍涓笌缁堣韩瀛︿範鐩歌緟鐩告垚锛屽苟琚綔涓烘暀鑲插拰鍩硅鏀跨瓥鐩殑鐨勭悊璁哄熀纭€锛圗U锛?1999锛夈€傛鐩熸垚鍛樺浗鍜屽叾浠栧浗瀹跺杩欎竴鍙戝睍鐨勪竴绉嶅弽搴旀槸鍔犲己鐜版湁涓炬帾锛屾敮鎸佸勾杞讳汉浠庡鏍¤繃娓″埌宸ヤ綔宀椾綅锛屽苟鎻愰珮浠栦滑鏈潵鐨勫氨涓氳兘鍔涖€傛渶甯歌鐨勪袱椤规帾鏂芥槸榧撳姳瀛︽牎澧炲姞16宀佸悗瀛︾敓鑾峰緱宸ヤ綔缁忛獙鍩硅鐨勬満浼氾紝骞惰祫鍔╂柊鐨勬暀鑲叉柟妗堬紝鍏朵腑鍖呮嫭涓哄け涓氭垨蹇冩€€涓嶆弧鐨勫勾杞讳汉鎻愪緵宸ヤ綔缁忛獙鍩硅锛圙riffiths et al.锛?2001锛夈€傜劧鑰岋紝杩欎簺涓炬帾寰€寰€渚濊禆鍏充簬宸ヤ綔缁忛獙瀵瑰勾杞讳汉杩囨浮鍒板氨涓氱殑浣滅敤鐨勪紶缁熷亣璁撅紝渚嬪锛屽伐浣滅粡楠岃冻浠ヤ娇瀛︿範鑰呬负灏变笟鍋氬ソ鍑嗗锛岃€屼笉鏄槑纭€冭檻鎵€鏈夊弬涓庤璁″拰瀹炴柦宸ヤ綔缁忛獙鍩硅鐨勫悇鏂瑰彲鑳藉繀椤讳互鍚堜綔鐨勬柟寮忥紝鏀寔瀛︿範鑰呭湪鏁欒偛鍜屽伐浣滀箣闂存祦鍔紝浠ヤ究灏嗘寮忓涔犲拰宸ヤ綔鏈綅瀛︿範鐩镐簰鍏宠仈鎴栨暣鍚堬紙Guile & Griffiths锛?2001锛夈€?/p>
锛堜簩锛夊涔犺京璁虹悊璁哄強鍏跺宸ヤ綔缁忛獙鐨勫惎绀?/p>
瀛︿範绉戝涓悗鏉ヨ绉颁负鈥滆鐭モ€濅笌鈥滄儏澧冣€濓紙浠ヤ笅绠€绉颁负鈥滄儏澧冣€濓級浜夎锛圫fard 1998 for a summary锛夌殑璧锋簮棣栧厛鏉ヨ嚜鎷夊か锛圝ean Lave锛夌殑銆婂疄璺典腑鐨勮鐭ャ€嬩竴涔︼紙Lave锛?1988锛夛紝濂瑰璁ょ煡蹇冪悊瀛﹁繘琛屼簡鎵瑰垽锛屽ス璁や负浜虹被鎬濈淮鍏锋湁涓庝笘鐣岄殧绂荤殑涓汉灞炴€э紝鏁欒偛鏈烘瀯涓互鍛介闄堣堪褰㈠紡鍦ㄥ绉戣绋嬩腑鏁欐巿鐨勬娊璞¤〃寰佺殑瀛︿範锛屽彲浠ラ€氳繃搴旂敤浜庡疄璺佃€屽疄鐜板涔犳柟寮忕殑杞Щ銆傚叾娆★紝鎷夊か闅忓悗鍦ㄤ笌娓╂牸锛圗tienne Wenger锛夊悎钁楃殑銆婃儏澧冨涔犮€嬶紙Lave & Wenger锛?1991锛変竴涔︿腑锛屽紑鍙戜簡涓€绉嶅熀浜庘€滃弬涓庘€濇蹇电殑瀛︿範鐞嗚銆?/p>
鍦ㄣ€婂疄璺典腑鐨勮鐭ャ€嬪拰銆婃儏澧冨涔犮€嬬殑鍚彂涓嬶紝20涓栫邯90骞翠唬锛屽叏鐞冭寖鍥村唴鐨勪竴浜涚爺绌惰€呭紑濮嬩娇鐢ㄥ涔犵殑绀句細鐞嗚鎬濇兂鏉ュ垎鏋愭暀鑲插拰宸ヤ綔涔嬮棿鍙戠敓鐨勫涔犲舰寮忥紙Ainley and Rainbird锛?1999; Billett锛?2001; Evans锛?Hodgkinson and Unwin锛?2002锛夈€備竴涓€煎緱娉ㄦ剰鐨勫彂灞曟槸姣斿锛圔each锛夋彁鍑虹殑鈥滃悗鏋滄€ц浆鍙樷€濇蹇碉紙Beach锛?1999锛夛紝浠栭€氳繃鍙傝€冨伐浣滅粡楠岋紙Beach and Vyas锛?1998锛夊鍏惰繘琛屼簡缁忛獙鎬х殑鎺㈢储銆傛瘮濂囨蹇佃儗鍚庣殑涓昏鎬濇兂寮鸿皟涓庣洰鐨勭浉鍏崇殑杩愬姩锛屼粠鑰屾彮绀轰簡瀛︿範鑰呯殑鐭ヨ瘑銆佹妧鑳藉拰韬唤鍦ㄤ粬浠繘琛屽伐浣滅粡楠屽煿璁椂鍙兘鍙戠敓鐨勫彉鍖栥€傛瘮濂囩‘瀹氫簡鍥涚涓嶅悓绫诲瀷鐨勫悗鏋滄€ц浆鍙樷€斺€斾晶鍚戯紙Lateral锛夈€佷晶鏀紙Collateral锛夈€佸寘鍥存€э紙Encompassing锛夊拰涓粙鎬э紙Mediational锛夎浆鍙樸€傜涓€绉嶅拰绗簩绉嶆寚鐨勬槸瀛︿範鑰呭湪涓€绯诲垪娲诲姩涔嬮棿娴佸姩锛屼笌瀛︿範鑰呭湪瀹冧滑涔嬮棿娴佸姩鏃舵墍缁忓巻鐨勫彉鍖栫浉姣旓紝杩欎簺娲诲姩鐨勫彉鍖栧緢鎱紝渚嬪锛屾湁鏃㈠畾鎯緥鐨勫伐浣滃満鎵€锛屼互鍙婂湪鏂扮幆澧冧腑宸ヤ綔鏃舵劅鍒扮揣寮犮€佸叴濂嬪拰鎸戞垬鐨勫涔犺€呫€傜涓夌鍜岀鍥涚鎸囩殑鏄笌鎵€涓汉鎵€闇€鐨勫彉鍖栫浉姣旓紝涓€椤规椿鍔ㄧ殑鍙樺寲閫熷害寰堝揩锛屼緥濡傦紝宸ヤ綔鍦烘墍寮曞叆鏂扮殑鐭ヨ瘑绠＄悊瀹炶返锛岃繖瀵圭幇鏈夊伐浜哄拰杩涜宸ヤ綔缁忛獙鍩硅鐨勫涔犺€呮潵璇撮兘鍏锋湁鎸戞垬鎬с€?/p>
涓鸿В閲婂湪杩欎簺涓嶅悓绫诲瀷鐨勮繃娓′腑鍙樺寲鍜岀洰鐨勪箣闂寸殑鍏崇郴锛屾瘮濂囧尯鍒嗕簡鍙戠敓鍦ㄦ暀鑲蹭腑鐨勫涔犵被鍨嬶紙鈥滅旱鍚戝彂灞曗€濓級锛屽苟灏嗗叾涓庡彂鐢熷湪宸ヤ綔鍦烘墍鐨勫涔犵被鍨嬭繘琛屼簡姣旇緝锛堚€滄í鍚戝彂灞曗€濓級銆傚墠鑰呮寚鐨勬槸瀛︽牎涓殑瀛︿範鑰呴€氳繃鐞嗚В瓒婃潵瓒婃娊璞＄殑姒傚康闆嗘垨鎺屾彙鏇撮珮姘村钩鐨勬妧鏈垨鍩轰簬宸ヨ壓鐨勬妧鑳斤紝鍙備笌鐭ヨ瘑鍜屾妧鑳界殑鍒嗗眰鑾峰彇鏂瑰紡銆傚悗鑰呮寚鐨勬槸瀛︿範鑰呭湪璇剧▼鎯呭涓幏寰楀悇绉嶅舰寮忕殑鐭ヨ瘑鐨勬柟寮忥紝杩欑褰㈠紡鐨勬儏澧冪煡璇嗗彲浠ラ噰鍙栧绉嶅舰寮忥細鍏跺彲浠ユ槸鍏充簬濡備綍鍙備笌瀹炶返绀惧尯鐨勭煡璇嗭紝鍙互鏄敼鍙樺伐浣滃疄璺电殑鐭ヨ瘑锛屼篃鍙互鏄皢涓嶅悓鐨勭紪鐮佸寲鐭ヨ瘑鐗囨鑱旂郴璧锋潵瑙ｅ喅宸ヤ綔闂鐨勭煡璇嗐€傚洜姝わ紝浠庢瘮濂囩殑鐮旂┒涓緱鍑虹殑缁撹鏄紝骞磋交浜鸿鎯充粠宸ヤ綔缁忛獙涓幏鐩婏紝閲嶈鐨勬槸浠栦滑瑕佸浼氬浣曞皢浠栦滑鐨勭旱鍚戝拰妯悜鍙戝睍鑱旂郴璧锋潵锛岃€屼笖瀛︽牎鍜屽伐浣滃満鎵€鏁欏鍦ㄦ敮鎸佽繖涓€杩涚▼鏂归潰閮借捣鍒颁簡浣滅敤銆?/p>
涓夈€佸伐浣滅粡楠岀殑琛旀帴绫诲瀷瀛?/p>
涓轰簡鎻愪緵鍏充簬鏈潵宸ヤ綔缁忛獙鍩硅璁捐鍜屽疄鏂界殑鏂版€濊矾锛屽湪鍏充簬鐭ヨ瘑鍦ㄧ粡娴庝腑鏂颁綔鐢ㄥ拰鏂扮殑绀句細瀛︿範瑙傚康鐨勮京璁轰腑浜х敓鐨勪竴浜涙兂娉曡鐢ㄦ潵鍒跺畾宸ヤ綔缁忛獙绫诲瀷瀛︾殑鏍囧噯锛屾爣鍑嗘槸锛氬伐浣滅粡楠岀殑鐩殑锛屽嵆鎻愪緵宸ヤ綔缁忛獙鐨勭悊鐢?鍏充簬瀛︿範鍜屽彂灞曠殑鍋囪锛屽嵆鍏充簬宸ヤ綔鍦烘墍鐨勬暀鑲插鍜屽涔犵殑瑙傚康;宸ヤ綔缁忛獙鐨勫疄璺碉紝鍗抽€氳繃宸ヤ綔缁忛獙淇冭繘瀛︿範鐨勫疄璺电被鍨?鏁欒偛鍜屽煿璁彁渚涜€呯殑浣滅敤锛屽嵆鑱屼笟鏁欒偛涓负鏀寔瀛︾敓瀛︿範鑰岄噰鐢ㄧ殑鏁欏绛栫暐;宸ヤ綔缁忛獙鐨勭粨鏋滐紝鍗冲鐢熷彂灞曠殑鐭ヨ瘑銆佹妧鑳芥垨鏇村箍娉涚殑鑳藉姏褰㈠紡銆?/p>
杩欎簲涓爣鍑嗘槸鎸夌収浠ヤ笅鏂瑰紡鏋勫缓鐨勩€傜涓€锛屾瘮濂囧叧浜庢祦鍔ㄥ拰鐩殑涔嬮棿鐨勫叧绯讳互鍙婁笓涓氱煡璇嗗拰韬唤鍙戝睍涔嬮棿鍏崇郴鐨勮鐐硅鎵╁睍锛屼互绐佸嚭宸ヤ綔缁忛獙鐨勭洰鐨勫拰缁撴灉涔嬮棿鐨勫叧绯汇€傜浜岋紝鎷夊か鍜屾俯鏍煎叧浜庡伐浣滃満鎵€瀛︿範闇€瑕佸弬涓庤亴涓氬疄璺电殑璁虹偣锛屽緱鍒颁簡瀛︿範璇剧▼鐨勬敮鎸侊紝琚敤鏉ョ‘瀹氬湪宸ヤ綔鍦烘墍鍙戠敓鐨勫涔犲舰寮忕殑鐙壒涔嬪銆傜涓夌瑙傜偣缁撳悎浜嗘瘮濂囥€佹媺澶強娓╂牸鐨勮鐐癸紝渚嬪锛屽涔犳槸鏁欒偛鍜屽伐浣滀箣闂寸殑鏉ュ洖杩愬姩锛岃繖瑕佹眰瀛︿範鑰呴€氳繃涓庤亴涓氬疄璺靛璇濇潵鏀瑰彉浠栦滑鍦ㄤ袱绉嶆儏鍐典笅鐨勫弬涓庯紝浠ュ紩璧蜂汉浠閫氳繃宸ヤ綔缁忛獙淇冭繘鐭ヨ瘑鍜屾妧鑳藉彂灞曠殑鏁欏瀹炶返鐨勫叧娉ㄣ€傜鍥涳紝姣斿瀵圭旱鍚戝涔犲拰妯悜瀛︿範鐨勫尯鍒鐢ㄦ潵婢勬竻鏁欒偛鏈烘瀯鍜屽伐浣滃満鎵€蹇呴』瑙ｅ喅鐨勬寫鎴樼殑鎬ц川锛屽鏋滀粬浠鏀寔瀛︽湳鍜岃亴涓氳绋嬬殑瀛︿範鑰咃紝闇€灏嗗伐浣滅粡楠屼笌杩欎袱绉嶅涔犲舰寮忕粨鍚堣捣鏉ャ€傛渶鍚庯紝鎵€鏈夊舰寮忕殑鐭ヨ瘑锛堢悊璁哄拰瀹炶返锛夐兘鍦ㄤ績杩涘伐浣滃満鎵€鍒涙柊鏂归潰鍙戞尌浣滅敤鐨勮鐐硅鐢ㄦ潵纭娆х洘缁堣韩瀛︿範澶囧繕褰曠殑鎰挎湜锛屽嵆搴旇榧撳姳瀛︿範鑰呰瘑鍒粬浠凡缁忓彂灞曠殑鐭ヨ瘑鍜屾妧鑳斤紝鏃犺浠栦滑鏄湪鍝噷瀛︿範銆傝繖鏄笌娆х洘瀵规壙璁ゅ厛鍓嶅涔犵殑鏂板叴瓒ｇ殑鐩存帴鎺ヨЕ锛屽嵆鍦ㄦ寮忥紙鍗虫暀鑲叉満鏋勶級鎴栭潪姝ｅ紡锛堝嵆宸ヤ綔鍦烘墍鍩硅锛夎儗鏅笅瀛︿範鑾峰緱鐨勫鍒嗘垨鍏堝墠鐨勫疄璺靛涔狅紝鎹㈠彞璇濊锛岄€氳繃鍙備笌宸ヤ綔鍦烘墍鎴栫ぞ鍖烘椿鍔ㄨ€岃繘琛岀殑瀛︿範銆?/p>
濡傝〃1鎵€绀猴紝绫诲瀷瀛︿腑鍖呭惈鐨勬墍鏈夋ā鍨嬮兘鏄垎鏋愭€х殑锛岃€屼笉鏄弿杩版€х殑锛屽洜姝ゆ病鏈夌壒瀹氱殑宸ヤ綔缁忛獙鏂规蹇呴』鏁撮綈鍦伴€傚悎浜庝换浣曟ā鍨嬶紝骞朵笖涓€浜涙柟妗堝彲鑳藉寘鍚笉姝竴涓ā鍨嬬殑鍏冪礌銆傜劧鑰岋紝绫诲瀷瀛︿负鐮旂┒浜哄憳銆佹斂绛栧埗瀹氳€呭拰瀹炶返鑰呮彁渚涗簡涓€绉嶆柟娉曪紝棣栧厛锛岀‘瀹氬墠鍥涚宸ヤ綔缁忛獙妯″紡鐨勮础鐚拰灞€闄愭€с€傝繖涓€鐐瑰湪瀛﹀緬鍒舵垨鍩轰簬瀛︽牎鐨勮亴涓氭暀鑲蹭笌鍩硅鏂囩尞涓凡琚箍娉涜璁猴紝娑夊強鍒板涔犺€呯煡璇嗗拰鎶€鑳界殑鍙戝睍锛屼互鍙婂浣曞埄鐢ㄥ伐浣滅粡楠屽皢鏁欒偛鍜屽伐浣滅粨鍚堣捣鏉ワ紝骞舵墿灞曠悊璁哄拰瀹炶返銆傚叾娆★紝鑰冭檻涓€绉嶆柊鐨勬ā寮忊€斺€斿鏋滈姕鎺ユā寮忔垚涓烘娲插浗瀹跺綋鍦扮敋鑷崇郴缁熷眰闈㈢殑涓€涓暣浣撶壒寰侊紝鍙兘浼氬鍩轰簬瀛︽牎鍜屽寰掑埗鐨勮亴涓氭暀鑲蹭笌鍩硅浜х敓褰卞搷銆?/p>
锛堜竴锛夋ˉ鎺ュ伐浣滄ā鍨?/p>
璇ユā鍨嬪熀浜庣粡鍏哥殑锛圞indermann & Skinner锛?1992锛夊叧浜庝汉涓庡叾鐜涔嬮棿鈥滃惎鍔ㄢ€濆叧绯荤殑鍋囪锛屾崲鍙ヨ瘽璇达紝鍏堝墠瀛︿範鍐冲畾浜嗕互鍚庡涔犵殑杞ㄨ抗锛屽伐浣滃満鎵€鐜鐨勫奖鍝嶈璁や负鏄浉褰撳皬鐨勩€傝繖绉嶅亣璁惧€惧悜浜庢敮鎸侊細浼犵粺浠ュ寰掍负鍩虹鐨勫伐浣滅粡楠岃鍒掞紝鍙互閫氳繃娌夋蹈鍦ㄥ伐浣滃疄璺典腑濉戦€犲拰閫傚簲瀛︾敓鐨勫伐浣滃満鎵€鐨勬妧鑳斤紙Watts锛?1983锛夈€傚洜姝わ紝杩欑瑙傜偣璁や负鐞嗚鍜屽疄璺电殑缁撳悎鏄悊鎵€褰撶劧鐨勩€?/p>
锛堜簩锛夌粡楠屾ā鍨?/p>
缁忛獙妯″瀷鍙嶆槧浜?0涓栫邯90骞翠唬鍒濆湪璁稿鍏堣繘宸ヤ笟鍥藉鍑虹幇鐨勮鐐癸紝鍗虫暀鑲茬殑鎵€鏈夐樁娈靛拰鏃舵湡閮藉簲璇ラ€氳繃寮曞叆鍩轰簬闂鐨勬柟娉曟垨鍩轰簬鎺㈢┒鐨勬柟娉曟潵鏁欏拰瀛︼紙Prawat锛?1993锛夈€傝繖瀵艰嚧鏁欒偛鍜屽伐浣滀箣闂寸殑鍏崇郴琚涓轰竴涓€滃叡鍚屽彂灞曗€濈殑杩囩▼锛圞indermann & Skinner锛?1992锛夛紝鍦ㄥ寰掑埗鐨勮儗鏅笅锛岄€氳繃榧撳姳瀛﹀緬鍦ㄤ笌鍩硅鑰呯殑璁ㄨ涓弽鎬濊繖浜涚粡楠岋紝璇曞浘灏嗕粬浠殑宸ヤ綔缁忛獙鍜屾暀鑲茬爺绌剁粨鍚堣捣鏉ワ紙Griffiths et al. 1991锛夈€傜浉鍙嶏紝鏍℃湰宸ヤ綔缁忛獙璁″垝鍊惧悜浜庨€氳繃浣跨敤绉戝皵甯冿紙Kolb锛?1984锛夌殑鈥滅粡楠屽涔犲懆鏈熲€濅綔涓烘鏋讹紝浠ユ敮鎸佸鐢熼€氳繃宸ヤ綔缁忛獙瀛︿範涓庡鏈爺绌剁浉缁撳悎鐨勫叡鍚屽彂灞曟€濇兂锛圝amieson et al.锛?1988; Miller et al.锛?1991锛夈€傛牎鏈亴涓氭暀鑲蹭笌鍩硅鐨勪竴涓粨鏋滄槸璁よ瘑鍒颁腑浠嬫満鏋勶紝濡傛暀鑲蹭笌鍟嗕笟浼欎即鍏崇郴锛屽湪涓哄涔犺€呫€佸伐浣滃満鎵€鍜屽鏍℃彁鍓嶅伐浣滅粡楠岃皥鍒ゆ槑纭洰鏍囨柟闈㈡墍璧风殑浣滅敤锛圙riffiths et al.锛?1992锛夈€傚彟涓€涓槸鍙戝睍鏁欏瀹炶返锛屼互甯姪瀛︿範鑰呰瘑鍒伐浣滅粡楠屽涓汉鍜岀ぞ浼氬彂灞曠殑褰卞搷锛圵atts锛?1991锛夈€傚洜姝わ紝杩欎簺鏁欏瀹炶返琚涓哄叿鏈夌患鍚堝姛鑳姐€?/p>
锛堜笁锛夐€氱敤妯″瀷
閫氱敤妯″瀷鏄20涓栫邯90骞翠唬涓湡鍒板悗鏈熷湪娆ф床鍑虹幇鐨勪竴鍦虹◢鏅氫竴浜涚殑鏁欒偛杈╄鐨勫洖搴旓紝杩欏満杈╄鍏虫敞淇冭繘瀛︿範鑰呰嚜涓绘€у拰鑷緥鎬х殑澧炲己锛岀壒鍒槸鍦ㄤ綆鎴愬氨瀛︿範鑰呬腑锛圙reen et al. 1999锛夈€傝繖浜涘彂灞曞鑷翠簡涓€绉嶅叧浜庡涔犵殑涓€鑸鐐圭殑鍑虹幇锛屼篃灏辨槸璇达紝涓€绯诲垪缁撴灉鍙互鐢ㄢ€滆兘鍋氣€濇垨鈥滃凡缁忓浼氣€濇垨鈥滅幇鍦ㄧ悊瑙ｂ€濈殑璇存硶鏉ュ畾涔夛紝鑰屼績杩涜繖浜涚粨鏋滅殑杩囩▼涓嶉渶瑕佽瀹氫箟锛圙riffiths et al. 2001锛夈€傝繖涓€瑙傜偣鍦ㄨ嫳鍥藉強鍏朵粬娆ф床鍥藉浜х敓浜嗕竴绉嶅伐浣滅粡楠屾ā寮忥紝鍗筹細楂樺害閲嶈缁撴灉锛屾病鏈夎瀹氬伐浣滃満鎵€瀹炵幇杩欎竴鎴愭灉鎵€闇€鐨勫涔?鎺ュ彈鍙互涓轰换浣曞寰掑煿璁垨鍩轰簬瀛︽牎鐨勮亴涓氭暀鑲蹭笌鍩硅鏂规纭畾涓€绯诲垪鍟嗗畾鐨勫叡鍚岀粨鏋滐紝鍥犳锛屾湁鍙兘浠ュ叧閿祫鏍肩殑褰㈠紡璇勪及閫氳繃瀛︿範鍜屽伐浣滅粡楠岃繘琛岀殑瀛︿範锛圞?m?r?inen & Streumer锛?1998锛夈€?/p>
杩欑鏁欒偛鍜屽伐浣滅殑缁撳悎鏄€氳繃寮曞叆涓汉琛屽姩璁″垝鏉ユ帹杩涚殑锛岃璁″垝浣滀负涓汉銆佸伐浣滃満鎵€鍜屾暀鑲叉満鏋勪箣闂寸殑鍚堝悓锛岃瀹氳瀛︿範鍝簺鎶€鑳?浠庤€屼績杩涘鐢熶互瀛︿範缁撴灉鐨勫舰寮忓宸ヤ綔鍦烘墍鍐呯殑鍏抽敭鎶€鑳藉彂灞曡繘琛岃嚜鎴戣瘎浼板拰澶栭儴楠岃瘉锛圡iller锛?1996; Oates & Fettes锛?1997锛夈€?/p>
锛堝洓锛夊伐浣滆繃绋嬫ā鍨?/p>
宸ヤ綔杩囩▼妯″瀷鏈€鍒濆嚭鐜板湪寰峰浗瀛﹀緬鍒剁殑鑱屼笟鏁欒偛浼犵粺涓紙Boreham & Fischer锛?2002锛夈€傚伐浣滆繃绋嬬煡璇嗭紙Arbeitsprozesswissen锛夌殑姒傚康鈥斺€斾粠浜у搧鐩稿叧銆佸姵宸ョ粍缁囥€佺ぞ浼氱敓鎬佸拰绯荤粺鐩稿叧鏂归潰鐞嗚В鍔冲姩杩囩▼鈥斺€旀槸涓轰簡甯姪瀛﹀緬銆佸伐浣滃満鎵€鍩硅鑰呭拰鑱屼笟鏁欒偛涓庡煿璁暀甯堝厠鏈嶆儼鎬х煡璇嗙殑鍥板锛屽嵆宸茬粡浼犳巿浣嗕笉鑳界珛鍗崇敤浜庤亴涓氬疄璺电殑鐭ヨ瘑锛圞ruse锛?1996锛夈€備粠杩欎釜瑙掑害鏉ョ湅锛屽伐浣滅粡楠岀殑涓昏鐩殑鏄府鍔╁寰掆€滆皟鍗忊€濓紙Kindermann & Skinner锛?1992锛夎嚜宸辫幏寰楃殑鐗瑰畾鑱屼笟鐨勭煡璇嗗拰鎶€鑳斤紝渚嬪鎶€鏈煡璇嗐€侀儴闂ㄦ垨鍏徃鐗瑰畾绯荤粺鍜屾儻渚嬬殑鐭ヨ瘑锛屼互鍙婄粍缁囦笂鐨勪竴鑸煡璇嗗拰鎶€鑳斤紝濡備骇鍝佸拰鏈嶅姟鎴樼暐銆傝繖涓€妯″紡鎵胯锛屽伐浣滆繃绋嬬煡璇嗙殑鍙戝睍蹇呴』閫氳繃寮曞叆鍙兘鍑虹幇鍦ㄥ伐浣滃満鎵€鍜屼紒涓氬煿璁腑蹇冪殑瀛︾鐭ヨ瘑鏉ヨ皟瑙ｏ紙Attwell & Jennes锛?1996锛夈€傜洰鐨勬槸閫氳繃璇佹槑鍓嶈€呬笌鍚庤€呯殑鐩稿叧鎬э紝甯姪瀛﹀緬灏嗗绉戠煡璇嗕笌褰撳墠鐨勮亴涓氬疄璺电浉缁撳悎锛屽苟浣垮寰掕兘澶熶粠浜嬫柊鐨勭粍缁囧舰寮忕殑鐢熶骇锛屼粠鑰屾洿瀹规槗杩涘叆姝ｅ紡宸ヤ綔鐜锛團ischer & Stuber锛?1998锛夈€?/p>
锛堜簲锛夎鎺ユā鍨?/p>
琛旀帴妯″瀷璇曞浘閫氳繃鍏卞悓鐨勬暀瀛︽垬鐣ワ紝鍦ㄦ槑纭槓杩版暀鑲插拰宸ヤ綔鑳屾櫙涓嬪彂鐢熺殑涓嶅悓绫诲瀷瀛︿範涔嬮棿鍏崇郴鐨勫熀纭€涓婏紝鏋勫缓涓€绉嶅伐浣滅粡楠屾ā寮忋€傚洜姝わ紝璇ユā鍨嬫壙璁わ紝瑕佸疄鐜扮旱鍚戝拰妯悜鍙戝睍鐨勪竴浣撳寲锛屽繀椤绘敮鎸佸涔犺€呰法瓒婅竟鐣岋紝鍗冲湪鏁欒偛鍜屽伐浣滀箣闂存潵鍥炴祦鍔紝杩欐秹鍙婂埌鏁欒偛鏈烘瀯鍜屽伐浣滃満鎵€鐨勬暀瀛︽寫鎴樸€傗€滆鎺ヤ笓涓氬寲鈥濓紙Connective Specialisation锛夎繖涓€鏈锛屽嵆鍒╃敤鍦ㄦ瑙勬暀鑲蹭腑鑾峰緱鐨勪笓涓氱煡璇嗗拰鎶€鑳斤紝缁撳悎浠栦滑鐨勫伐浣滅粡楠岋紝琚敤鏉ユ鎷鏋滃涔犺€呰灏嗘í鍚戝拰绾靛悜鍙戝睍缁撳悎鎵€娑夊強鐨勫唴瀹广€備笌琛旀帴涓撲笟鍖栫浉鍏崇殑鎸戞垬鏄細鏁欒偛鏈烘瀯鐨勫畾涔夋槸甯姪瀛︿範鑰呮帉鎻＄悊璁烘蹇碉紙杩欎簺姒傚康鏋勬垚浜嗕粬浠彲鑳芥鍦ㄥ涔犵殑鏁欒偛璁″垝鐨勫唴瀹癸級涓庡叿浣撹亴涓氬拰缁勭粐涓婄殑涓€鑸伐浣滃仛娉曞拰甯歌涔嬮棿鐨勫叧绯伙紝鏂规硶鏄湪绠€瑕佷細璁湡闂存帰璁ㄤ粬浠杩欑鍏崇郴鐨勭悊瑙ｏ紝浠ュ強宸ヤ綔鍚庣殑缁忛獙;宸ヤ綔鍦烘墍鐨勫畾涔夋槸纭繚鐩戠潱瀛﹀憳宸ヤ綔瀹夋帓鐨勫伐浣滀汉鍛樹负瀛﹀憳鎻愪緵鏃堕棿锛屽悜浠栦滑璇㈤棶鏈夊叧鍏跺弬涓庤亴涓氬疄璺靛拰瑙勮寖鐨勯棶棰樸€傛暀鑲叉満鏋勫拰宸ヤ綔鍦烘墍闈复鐨勫叡鍚屾寫鎴樿瀹氫箟涓哄晢瀹氫竴绉嶆満鍒讹紝涓€绉嶄娇鍏跺叧浜庡悇鑷伐浣滅粡楠岀殑鍙嶉鎰忚鍙互鐩镐簰鍒嗕韩浠ユ敮鎸佸伐浣滅粡楠屼笉鏂敼鍠勭殑杩囩▼銆傚洜姝わ紝琛旀帴妯″瀷灏嗘敞鎰忓姏闆嗕腑鍦ㄥ涔犺€呮€濊€冨拰娣辨€濈啛铏戠殑鑱斿悎杩囩▼涓紝骞朵綋楠屼簡鍏朵粬浜猴紙鏁欏笀銆佸煿璁€呯瓑锛夐€氳繃鎻愬嚭闂鍜屾彁渚涘叧浜庡伐浣滃疄璺垫垨鐞嗚姒傚康瀵瑰疄璺靛奖鍝嶇殑琛ュ厖璇勮鏉ヤ績杩涜繖涓€鍙戝睍杩涚▼锛屽弽涔嬩害鐒躲€?/p>
鍥涖€佸伐浣滅粡楠岀殑鍐嶆儏澧冨寲妯″瀷
锛堜竴锛夊啀鎯呭鍖栨ā鍨嬬殑鑳屾櫙
鍦ㄥ鍚勭涓嶅悓鐜涓嬬殑宸ヤ綔缁忛獙杩涜鐮旂┒鐨勮繃绋嬩腑锛屽緢鏄剧劧锛屾敮鎸佸伐浣滅粡楠岀被鍨嬪鐨勪竴浜涘亣璁炬ā绯婁簡瀛﹀緬鍜屽熀浜庡鏍＄殑鑱屼笟鏁欒偛涓庡煿璁殑鍖哄埆锛屼互鍙婅绋嬬煡璇嗗拰瀹炶返鐭ヨ瘑鎬ц川涔嬮棿鐨勫尯鍒€?/p>
棣栧厛锛岄€氳繃灏嗕互瀛︽牎涓哄熀纭€鍜屼互瀛﹀緬涓哄熀纭€鐨勮亴涓氭暀鑲蹭笌鍩硅璁炬兂涓虹浉鍚岀殑锛屽洜涓轰袱鑰呴兘鏈夋暀鑲插拰宸ヤ綔鍦烘墍鐨勭粍鎴愰儴鍒嗭紝宸ヤ綔缁忛獙绫诲瀷瀛︽棤鎰忎腑灏嗗伐浣滅粡楠屼綔涓轰竴涓竴鑸殑杩囩▼鏉ュ府鍔╁涔犺€呮妸鎻＄悊璁轰笌瀹炶返涔嬮棿鐨勫叧绯汇€傚湪姝よ繃绋嬩腑锛屽叾灏嗗叿鏈夋暀鑲茶€屼笉鏄亴涓氱洰鏍囩殑瀛︿範鑰呭湪浠庝簨宸ヤ綔缁忛獙鏃跺悎骞朵负鍗曚竴绫诲埆鐨勫涔犺€呫€傝繖蹇界暐浜嗗墠鑰呯殑宸ヤ綔缁忛獙涓昏鏄竴涓簡瑙ｈ亴涓氶鍩熺殑鏈轰細锛屾澶栵紝杩樿璇嗗埌鍦ㄨ鍫備笂瀛﹀埌鐨勭煡璇嗕笌鍏跺湪宸ヤ綔鍦烘墍鐨勫疄闄呭簲鐢ㄤ箣闂寸殑鍏崇郴锛岃€屽悗鑰呯殑宸ヤ綔缁忛獙鍒欐槸閫氳繃鍙備笌鑱屼笟鎯緥鍜岀▼搴忥紝閫氳繃鎺屾彙鐞嗚鍜屽疄璺靛叧绯荤殑琛ㄧ幇褰㈠紡鏉ュ涔犵壒瀹氳亴涓氱殑鐭ヨ瘑鍜屾妧鑳界殑鏈轰細銆傚叾娆★紝閫氳繃鍦ㄥ寰掑埗鍜屽熀浜庡鏍＄殑鑱屼笟鏁欒偛涓庡煿璁腑灏嗚绋嬩綔涓烘湭缁忔鏌ョ殑鍏冪礌锛岀被鍨嬪鏆楃ず鐫€瀛︿範鑰呭湪璇剧▼涓墍瀛﹀埌鐨勬蹇典笌浠栦滑鍦ㄥ伐浣滃満鎵€鐨勮〃鐜版槸涓€鑷寸殑銆傚湪杩欐牱鍋氱殑杩囩▼涓紝璇ユā鍨嬪拷鐣ヤ簡宸ヤ綔鍦烘墍涓殑鐭ヨ瘑鏄贩鏉傜殑;鍏惰法瓒婂眰娆″拰鍖哄煙锛屽苟涓旀棤褰㈠湴宓屽叆鍒板伐浣滃満鎵€鐨勬棩甯稿伐浣滀腑銆傚洜姝わ紝閫欎袱绉嶈绋嬬殑瀛︿範鑰呭湪浠庝簨宸ヤ綔缁忓巻鏃讹紝寰堝彲鑳藉緢闅剧悊瑙ｇ悊璁轰笌瀹炶返涔嬮棿鐨勫叧绯伙紝闄ら潪浠栦滑鑾峰緱鐨勬暀瀛︽敮鎸佹槑纭壙璁や簡鐭ヨ瘑鐨勬贩鏉傘€?/p>
鏉ヨ嚜瀛︽牎鐨勪笉鍚岀粨鏋溾€斺€斾笌鍩轰簬瀛﹀緬鍒剁殑宸ヤ綔缁忛獙鐩稿弽锛屽啀鍔犱笂浣夸袱绉嶇被鍨嬬殑瀛︿範鑰呴兘鍑嗗濂戒互鐭ヨ瘑宓屽叆鏃ュ父宸ヤ綔鍜屽父瑙勬柟寮忚繘琛屽涔狅紝寤鸿閲嶆柊鍏虫敞鐩殑銆佽繃绋嬪拰鑳屾櫙涔嬮棿鐨勫叧绯伙紝鑰屼笉鏄噸鏂拌璁＄被鍨嬶紝浠ヤ究鏇村ソ鍦拌€冭檻涓婅堪闂锛岃繖灏嗕細鏇存湁鎴愭晥銆?/p>
鍥犳锛屽啀鎯呭鍖栨ā鍨嬬殑鍒跺畾鏄负浜嗚В鍐虫暀鑲叉満鏋勫拰宸ヤ綔鍦烘墍涓煡璇嗙殑涓嶅悓琛ㄧ幇褰㈠紡浠ュ強杩欑宸紓瀵瑰涔犵殑褰卞搷锛岃€屼笉鏄綔涓哄伐浣滅粡楠屾湰韬殑妯″紡銆傚洜姝わ紝璧风偣鏄‘瀹氱煡璇嗗浣曟垚涓猴細鏁欒偛璇剧▼鍜屽伐浣滃満鎵€瀹炶返鐨勪竴涓唴鍦ㄩ儴鍒?閫氳繃鍙備笌鏁欒偛鍜屽伐浣滃満鎵€鏁欏瀹炶返锛屼綋鐜板湪宸ヤ汉鍜屽涔犺€呰韩涓娿€傜劧鑰岋紝璇ユā鍨嬫槸鐢卞叧浜庣煡璇嗗拰瀛︿範鐨勭浉鍚屾儏澧冨墠鎻愭墍鍛婄煡鐨勶紝杩欏奖鍝嶄簡宸ヤ綔缁忛獙鐨勭被鍨嬪锛屾崲鍙ヨ瘽璇达紝姣忎竴绉嶄汉绫绘椿鍔紝渚嬪鏁欒偛銆佸伐绋嬨€佸尰瀛︺€佷綋鑲茬瓑锛岄兘鏄湪涓€瀹氱殑鎯呭涓瀯寤哄拰瀛︿範鐨勩€傚啀鎯呭鍖栨ā鍨嬩笉鍚屼簬绫诲瀷瀛︼紝鍥犱负鍏跺埄鐢ㄤ簡鍦ㄣ€婄煡璇嗙粡娴庣殑瀛︿範鎸戞垬銆嬶紙Guile锛?2010锛変竴涔︿腑鎻愬嚭鐨勫叧浜庢儏澧冪殑鏋勬垚鍜屼笉鏂彂灞曠殑浜夎銆傝繖涓€璁虹偣鍙互姒傛嫭濡備笅锛氭儏澧冩槸閫氳繃浜虹被娲诲姩鐨勪笓闂ㄥ舰寮忥紙渚嬪鏁欒偛銆佸伐绋嬨€佽嵂瀛︼級鍦ㄦ枃鍖栧拰鍘嗗彶涓婃瀯鎴愬拰涓嶆柇淇鐨勶紝鍥犳鏄粡娴庡拰绀句細鐢熸椿涓殑鍙鲸璁ょ壒寰?骞朵笖锛岀粡娴庡拰绀句細鐢熸椿涓殑杩欎簺鐗瑰緛闅忕潃涓汉鍜屽洟浣撲笌浠栦滑鐨勮鑼冩儻渚嬨€佹棩甯稿伐浣滃拰浜у搧鐨勬敼鍙樿€岃幏寰楀叾鐙壒鐗瑰緛銆備汉绫绘椿鍔ㄧ殑鏃㈠畾鐗瑰緛鍜屽彉鍖栫壒寰佷箣闂寸殑涓粙鍏崇郴琚撼鍏ュ埌鍐嶆儏澧冨寲鐨勬蹇典腑銆傞殢鍚庡杩欎竴姒傚康杩涜浜嗚缁嗛槓杩板拰鎵╁睍锛屼互鍖哄垎涓嶅悓绫诲瀷鐨勫啀鎯呭鍖栤€斺€斿唴瀹广€佹暀瀛︽硶銆佸伐浣滃満鎵€鍜屽涔犺€呪€斺€斿畠浠笌鏁欒偛鍜屽伐浣滀箣闂寸殑鍏崇郴鏈夊叧锛屽鍥?鎵€绀恒€?/p>
鍥? 鐭ヨ瘑鍜屼笓涓氬疄璺电殑涓嶆柇閲嶆柊璇鍖?/p>
閫氳繃鍦ㄤ笂杩版ā鍨嬩腑鍖哄垎杩欎簺鍐嶆儏澧冨寲鐨勮〃杈炬柟寮忥紝棣栧厛锛屽彲浠ヨ瘑鍒綋鐭ヨ瘑浠庝竴涓幆澧冭浆绉诲埌鍙︿竴涓幆澧冩椂锛岀煡璇嗙殑鐩殑鏄浣曟敼鍙樼殑;鍏舵锛屼粠涓€涓幆澧冭浆绉诲埌鍙︿竴涓幆澧冪殑宸ヤ汉濡備綍瀛︿細鎺ヨЕ骞堕噸鏂颁綋鐜颁粬浠凡缁忓鍒扮殑鐭ヨ瘑琛ㄧ幇褰㈠紡鐨勫彉鍖栵紙Guile锛?2014锛夈€傚啀鎯呭鍖栫殑涓嶅悓琛ㄨ揪鏂瑰紡瀵逛簬鐞嗚В浜轰滑濡備綍瀛︿範鍙備笌鏁欒偛鏈烘瀯鍜屽伐浣滃満鎵€鐭ヨ瘑鐨勫奖鍝嶏紝宸茬粡鍦ㄨ嵂瀛﹀伐浣滅粡楠岀爺绌朵腑杩涜浜嗗疄璇佹帰绱紙Guile锛?2014; Guile & Ahmed锛?2012锛夈€傚湪鍒涙剰鍜岄噾铻嶉儴闂紙Lahiff & Guile锛?2016锛変互鍙婂伐绋嬪拰濯掍綋鍒朵綔锛圙uile锛夐鍩熺殑瀛﹀緬瀛︿範灏嗗湪涓嬫枃鎻愬嚭銆備笅闈㈠皢浣跨敤杩欎簺鐮旂┒涓彁鍑虹殑闂鏉ヨ鏄庢ā鍨嬬殑鍚勪釜鏂归潰銆?/p>
锛堜簩锛夋椿鍔ㄧ殑瀵硅薄鍜屽啀鎯呭鍖?/p>
鍙傝€冭幈鏄傜壒路浼婂か锛圠eontev锛?1978锛夌殑鈥滄椿鍔ㄥ璞♀€濇蹇佃涓猴紝涓€椤规椿鍔ㄧ殑瀵硅薄鎴栫洰鐨勫鍏跺疄鏂芥柟寮忔湁閲嶅ぇ褰卞搷銆傚叾涓紝浠讳綍娲诲姩閮芥槸鏈夌粍缁囩殑锛屼互鍙婇€氳繃鏈夊叧鍚勬柟閮ㄧ讲璧勬簮鈥斺€旀蹇碉紙鍗崇煡璇嗗舰寮忥級銆佹潗鏂欙紙鍗虫妧鏈級鍜岀ぞ浼氾紙鍗充汉锛夆€斺€旀潵瀹屾垚杩欓」娲诲姩锛屾渶鍒濇槸鐢ㄦ潵鍖哄垎鐭ヨ瘑褰㈠紡鍦ㄦ暀鑲插拰宸ヤ綔涓彂鎸ョ殑浣滅敤銆備緥濡傦紝浜轰滑鏅亶璁や负锛岄鍩熺煡璇嗗湪鏁欒偛璇剧▼涓殑浣滅敤鏄悜瀛︿範鑰呬粙缁嶅绉戞€濈淮妯″紡锛圷oung锛?2007锛夛紝鑰岄鍩熺煡璇嗗湪鑱屼笟鏁欒偛涓殑浣滅敤鏄负瀛︿範鑰呭悜鑱屼笟瀹炶返鐨勮繃娓′綔鍑嗗锛圷oung & Muller锛?2014锛夛紝鑰屽伐浣滃満鎵€鐭ヨ瘑鐨勪綔鐢ㄦ槸淇冭繘鑱屼笟瀹炶返鐨勫彂灞曪紙Lave & Wenger锛?1991锛夈€佷骇鍝佸拰鏈嶅姟寮€鍙戯紙Nonaka & Takeuchi锛?1995锛夊強缁勭粐鍜屽競鍦烘垬鐣ワ紙Spender and Grant锛?1996锛夈€傚洜姝わ紝鐩稿悓鐨勯鍩熺煡璇嗘湁鏃跺彲鑳芥湇鍔′簬涓嶅悓鐨勭洰鐨勩€傞壌浜庢锛屼笂杩版ā鍨嬪鍐呭鍜屽伐浣滃満鎵€鍐嶆儏澧冨寲杩涜浜嗗尯鍒嗭紝鍗崇浉鍚岄鍩熺煡璇嗛€氳繃宓屽叆鍒拌绋嬫垨宸ヤ綔鍦烘墍浜哄伐鍒跺搧鍜屽疄璺典腑鑰屾垚涓烘暀鑲叉垨宸ヤ綔鐨勮祫婧愩€?/p>
绗竴涓湳璇€斺€斿唴瀹癸紙Content锛夋槸鎸囧弬涓庤绋嬭鍒掔殑鍚勬柟锛堝澶у銆佷笓涓氬崗浼氱瓑锛夊浣曞埗瀹氭爣鍑嗭紝浠ョ‘瀹氫笉鍚屽舰寮忕殑鐭ヨ瘑锛屽涓撲笟鐭ヨ瘑銆佸畾鐞嗐€佸熀浜庡伐浣滅殑鐭ヨ瘑锛岃繖浜涚煡璇嗗簲绾冲叆璇剧▼骞惰繘琛屾帓搴忋€傜劧鑰岋紝鍐呭鍐嶆儏澧冨寲鐨勮繃绋嬪拰缁撴灉涓庤亴涓氳绋嬬浉姣旓紝鍦ㄥ鏈笂鏄笉鍚岀殑銆傚鏈绋嬬殑鐩殑鏄瀛︿範鑰呮矇娴稿湪鐗瑰畾鐨勫绉戝拰鐭ヨ瘑鎺ㄧ悊鏂瑰紡涓紝鑰岃亴涓氳绋嬬殑鐩殑鏄敮鎸佽亴涓氫笓闀垮拰韬唤鐨勫舰鎴愩€傚洜姝わ紝鍊熺敤浼仼鏂潶锛圔ernstein锛?000锛夌殑鏈锛屾蹇靛湪瀛︽湳璇剧▼涓鈥滃垎椤炩€濃€滄瀹氣€濆拰鈥滄帓搴忊€濓紝浠ユ敮鎸佸涔犺€呴€氳繃瀛︾鈥滅煡璇嗙粨鏋勨€濇彁鍗囧苟鍙戝睍瀛︾鎺ㄧ悊妯″紡銆傜浉姣斾箣涓嬶紝鑱屼笟璇剧▼鐨勭洰鐨勬槸甯姪瀛︿範鑰呬簡瑙ｅ绉戞蹇典笌鍏跺湪宸ヤ綔鍦烘墍瀹為檯搴旂敤涔嬮棿鐨勫叧绯伙紝鍙戝睍瀛︿範鑰呯殑鑱屼笟鎺ㄧ悊妯″紡锛堥€氬父琚О涓哄疄璺垫帹鐞嗭級锛屼粠鑰屼负鑱屼笟鎴栧伐浣滃仛濂藉噯澶囥€傚悓鏍风殑姒傚康浠ヤ笉鍚岀殑鏂瑰紡琛ㄨ揪锛屽湪瀛︽湳鍜岃亴涓氳绋嬩腑鏈変笉鍚岀殑鐩殑銆?/p>
渚嬪锛屽彲浠ラ€氳繃姣旇緝鍦ㄥ鏈鐩紙濡傝嫳璇級涓寘鍚€滀綋瑁佲€濇蹇电殑鍘熷洜涓庡皢鍏跺寘鎷湪鑱屼笟鐮旂┒璁″垝锛堝濯掍綋鍒朵綔锛変腑鐨勫師鍥犳潵璇存槑涓婅堪闂锛圠ahifff & Guile锛?2016锛夈€傚氨鍓嶈€呰€岃█锛屼綋瑁佹蹇电殑鐩殑鏄府鍔╁鏈涔犺€呯悊瑙ｆ枃瀛︾悊璁轰腑鍏充簬涓嶅悓褰㈠紡闅忔椂闂寸殑鍙戝睍鐢氳嚦浜ら泦鐨勮京璁恒€傝€屽湪鍚庤€呯殑鎯呭喌涓嬶紝鍏舵槸涓轰簡甯姪鑱屼笟瀛︿範鑰咃紙濡傚寰掞級鐞嗚В鐢佃鑺傜洰鍜屽箍鎾妭鐩箣闂寸殑宸紓锛屼互鍙婂埗浣滃洟闃熷崗浣滃伐浣滅殑鏂瑰紡涓烘瘡绉嶇被鍨嬬殑鑺傜洰鍒涢€犻€傚綋鐨勮儗鏅紝鍖呮嫭璇█銆侀煶涔愩€佺伅鍏夈€?/p>
姝ｅ鎵€瑙傚療鍒扮殑锛岄€氳繃瀵规瘮鐭ヨ瘑棰嗗煙鍦ㄥ鏈绋嬩笌鑱屼笟璇剧▼涓墍璧风殑涓嶅悓浣滅敤锛屽彲浠ヨ鏄庡唴瀹瑰啀鎯呭鍖栭潰涓寸殑鏁欏鎸戞垬锛圙uile & Ahmed锛?2013锛夈€備互鑽墏瀛︿负渚嬶紝鐩栧埄锛圙uile锛夊拰鑹惧搱杩堝痉锛圓hmed锛夊皢閲嶇偣鏀惧湪鏈夋満鍖栧鍜屽垎瀛愮敓鐗╁鍦ㄨ嵂鍓傚瀛︿綅涓殑浣滅敤锛岃€屼笉鏄湪鍖栧鎴栫敓鐗╁瀛︿綅涓殑浣滅敤锛圙uile & Ahmed锛?2013锛夈€傚湪鍓嶈€呯殑鎯呭喌涓嬶紝鍔犲叆鏈夋満鍖栧鍜屽垎瀛愮敓鐗╁鐨勫師鍥犳槸涓轰簡甯姪鏈夋姳璐熺殑鑽墏甯堢悊瑙ｈ嵂鐞嗗鐨勫悇涓柟闈紝鑰屽湪鍚庤€呯殑鎯呭喌涓嬶紝鍏舵槸涓轰簡鏀寔瀛︿範鑰呬簡瑙ｅ悇瀛︾鐨勫彂灞曪紝骞朵娇浠栦滑鍑嗗濂戒笓鏀绘湁鏈哄寲瀛﹀拰鍒嗗瓙鐢熺墿瀛﹂鍩熴€傚洜姝わ紝鍏抽敭鐨勯棶棰樻槸璁捐涓€绉嶆暀瀛︽柟娉曪紝浠ユ敮鎸佸涔犺€呯悊瑙ｆ湁鏈哄寲瀛﹀拰鍒嗗瓙鐢熺墿瀛︼紝鍏舵柟寮忎笌浠栦滑鎵€灞炵殑绋嬪害鐩镐竴鑷淬€?/p>
宸ヤ綔鍦烘墍鍐嶆儏澧冨寲鏄寚鍦ㄧ粍缁囦腑宸ヤ綔鐨勪笓涓氫汉鍛樺凡缁忓苟缁х画灏嗕笉鍚屽舰寮忕殑鐭ヨ瘑宓屽叆鍒板伐浣滃満鎵€鐨勬棩甯稿伐浣滀腑锛屼互鍙婁粬浠弬涓庡拰浣撶幇杩欎簺褰㈠紡鐨勭煡璇嗙殑鏂瑰紡銆傝鏄庤繖涓棶棰樼殑涓€绉嶆柟娉曟槸閫氳繃鍙傝€冨崐瀵间綋鍦ㄧ數姘斿伐绋嬪浣嶄腑鐨勪綔鐢ㄣ€備负浜嗙悊瑙ｅ崐瀵间綋鐨勫姛鑳斤紝闄ゅ叾浠栭棶棰樺锛岄€氬父浼氭暀鎺堝鍛樺叧浜庣數瀛愭瀯閫犲甫锛圗lectron Construction Bands锛孍CB锛夋祦杩囦笉鍚屾潗鏂欑殑鏂瑰紡銆傜劧鑰岋紝鐢靛瓙鏋勯€犲甫锛圗CB锛夊湪宸ヤ綔鍦烘墍涓棤澶勪笉鍦ㄣ€備笓涓氱數姘斿伐绋嬪笀涓嶅彲閬垮厤鍦版剰璇嗗埌锛孖T绯荤粺绂讳笉寮€ECB;浣嗕粎浠呭皢鍏惰涓哄伐浣滅幆澧冪殑涓€閮ㄥ垎锛屽苟涓斿湪鐩戞帶鎴栦慨澶岻T绯荤粺鏃讹紝瀵笶CB鏈夊叿浣撴槑纭殑鐞嗚В锛岃繖鏄悊鎵€褰撶劧鐨勩€傚伐绋嬫蹇碉紙濡侲CB锛夌殑宸ヤ綔鍦烘墍鍐嶆儏澧冨寲鎺╃洊浜嗚姒傚康淇冭繘IT绯荤粺鏈夋晥杩愯鐨勬柟寮忋€?/p>
杩欑粰瀛︿範鐢垫皵宸ョ▼甯堢殑瀛︾敓鎴栨鍦ㄥ涔犻珮绾х墿鐞嗙殑瀛︾敓甯︽潵浜嗕竴涓棶棰橈紝鍗冲湪浠栦滑閫夋嫨澶у瀛︿綅涔嬪墠锛屽綋浠栦滑鎵挎媴宸ヤ綔缁忛獙鐨勬椂鍊欙紝鏃犺鏄摢绉嶇被鍨嬬殑瀛︾敓锛岄兘寰堥毦鍦ㄦ墍瀛︾殑ECB鐞嗚涓庤鐞嗚鍦ㄥ伐浣滃満鎵€锛堝IT绯荤粺锛変腑鐨勫疄闄呰〃鐜颁箣闂村缓绔嬩换浣曡瑙夋垨瑙﹁鐨勫叧绯汇€傛澶栵紝浠栦滑涓嶄竴瀹氫細鍙戠幇鍊惧惉涓撲笟鐢垫皵宸ョ▼甯堜箣闂寸殑鏃ュ父瀵硅瘽瀵归槓鏄嶪T绯荤粺涓璄CB鐨勬搷浣滄湁甯姪锛屽洜涓哄畠浠彲鑳藉緢灏戣鏄庣‘鎻愬強锛堝鏋滄湁鐨勮瘽锛夈€傚洜姝わ紝浠庝簨宸ヤ綔瀹夌疆鐨勫涔犺€呮洿鏈夊彲鑳藉叧娉ㄥ伐绋嬪伐浣滅殑鍙鎬ц川锛屽洜涓哄叾涓轰粬浠彁渚涗簡涓€绉嶅弬涓庡伐浣滃満鎵€瀵硅瘽鐨勬柟寮忋€備娇鐭ヨ瘑鐨勫舰寮忥紙濡傚祵鍏ュ湪宸ヤ綔鍦烘墍鑳屾櫙鍜屽疄璺典腑鐨凟CB锛夊彉寰楁竻鏅帮紝娑夊強鍒板涔犺€呴€氳繃鑷繁鎺ㄦ柇ECB鍦↖T绯荤粺涓殑瑙掕壊鎴栬姹備笓涓氱數姘斿伐绋嬪笀瑙ｉ噴浠栦滑鏀寔IT绯荤粺鐨勬湁鏁堟€ц兘鐨勬柟寮忔潵杩涜浠ｇ悊鎿嶄綔銆傚洜姝わ紝瀛︽湳鏁欒偛鍜岃亴涓氭暀鑲蹭箣闂寸殑鍏卞悓鏁欏鑱旂郴鏄紝鏀寔瀛︿範鑰呭彂灞曚竴绉嶈兘鍔涳紝浠庝粬浠殑瀛︿範鎴栧伐浣滅粡楠屼腑鎺ㄦ柇鍑洪殢鍚庡彂鐢熺殑浜嬫儏銆?/p>
锛堜笁锛夊師鍥狅紙鎺ㄧ悊锛夊拰鍐嶆儏澧冨寲鐨勪綔鐢?/p>
鐭ヨ瘑鍦ㄦ暀鑲茶绋嬪拰宸ヤ綔鍦烘墍鐨勫祵鍏ユ€у惈涔夊湪銆婄煡璇嗙粡娴庣殑瀛︿範鎸戞垬銆嬪拰鍓嶉潰鎻愬埌鐨勬枃绔犱腑閫氳繃鍙傝€冨竷鍏伴】锛圔random锛?000锛夌殑瀛︿範浣滀负涓€绉嶅熀浜庣粰浜堝拰璇锋眰鐨勬帹璁虹ぞ浼氬疄璺电殑姒傚康杩涜浜嗘帰璁ㄣ€傛濡傚湪涓婇潰鐨勫唴瀹逛腑瑙ｉ噴鐨勶紝杩欑瀛︿範鐨勬蹇典笌鑱婂ぉ鍋囪涓€鑷达紝鍗充汉绫绘椿鍔ㄧ殑鐙壒涔嬪鍦ㄤ簬瀹规槗鍙楀埌鍘熷洜鐨勫奖鍝嶏紝骞舵牴鎹繖浜涘師鍥犺浜嬶紝鎹㈠彞璇濊锛屾垜浠彂灞曚簡璁よ瘑鐢熸椿鐨勮鑼冩€ц兘鍔涖€備緥濡傦紝褰撴垜浠惉鍒颁竴涓懡浠わ紝濡傗€滆寮€鈥濓紝鎴戜滑鐞嗚В瀹冪殑娼滃湪鍚箟锛屽嵆濡傛灉瀵硅繖涓懡浠や綔鍑虹Н鏋佸弽搴旓紝鍙兘浼氳鎵撳€掓垨鍗峰叆涓庢煇浜虹殑浜夎涓€備粠杩欎釜瑙掑害鏉ョ湅锛屾垜浠彂灞曚簡鐞嗚В涓嶅悓绫诲瀷鐨勫彛澶存垨鏂囨湰浜ゆ祦鍙兘鎸囩殑鏄粈涔堣兘鍔涳紝姝ｅ褰撴垜浠浼氫负淇′话鎴栬涓虹粰鍑虹悊鐢辨椂锛屽悜浠栦汉璇㈤棶浠栦滑鐨勪俊浠版垨琛屼负鐨勫師鍥狅紝骞朵粠涓嶅悓鑳屾櫙涓嬬粰鍑虹殑涓嶅悓鐞嗙敱涓帹鏂嚭鎺ヤ笅鏉ュ彂鐢熺殑浜嬫儏銆傚洜姝わ紝璇ユā鍨嬪紩鐢ㄤ簡鈥滄暀鑲插鍐嶆儏澧冨寲鈥濓紙Pedagogic recontextualisation锛夎繖涓€鏈锛屾寚鐨勬槸浜轰滑鍦ㄦ暀鑲插拰宸ヤ綔鐜涓帉鎻″拰鑱旂郴鍘熷洜鐨勬柟寮忋€?/p>
瑕佺獊鍑鸿繖涓€涓嶅悓鐨勭粨鏋滐紝涓€绉嶆柟娉曟槸鏁欒偛瀛︿腑鐨勫啀鎯呭鍖栬繘琛屽姣斻€備互鑽墏甯堝湪澶у鐨勫涔犲疄璺靛強鍏跺伐浣滅粡楠岃幏鍙栦负渚嬶紝鏁欒偛瀛︾殑鐩殑鏄紝鍦ㄥ墠鑰呯殑鎯呭喌涓嬶紝鏀寔鍦ㄥぇ瀛﹀涔犵殑鑽墏瀛︿笓涓氬鐢熷彂灞曚竴绉嶄笓涓氱煡璇嗘帹鐞嗘ā寮忥紝浣嗗綋浠栦滑杩涜宸ヤ綔鏃讹紝浠栦滑闇€瑕佸缓绔嬩竴绉嶈亴涓氱壒瀹氱殑鎺ㄧ悊妯″紡锛屾崲鍙ヨ瘽璇达紝鍦ㄨ繖涓ょ鎯呭喌涓嬶紝鍖哄垎璺熼殢鐨勪簨鐗╁拰涓嶈窡闅忕殑浜嬬墿鐨勮兘鍔涳紝浠ュ強浠€涔堝皢琚涓鸿瘉鎹拰浠€涔堜笉浼氳瑙嗕负璇佹嵁鐨勮兘鍔涖€傚墠鑰呰嚦灏戞秹鍙婁互涓嬭兘鍔涳細鐞嗚В瀛︾鐨勬蹇电粨鏋?鍦ㄥ绉戝唴鐨勫瓙棰嗗煙涓畾浣嶄竴涓蹇?鎺ㄦ柇璇ユ蹇典笌鍏朵粬姒傚康鐨勫叧绯?浠ヤ功闈㈠舰寮忚〃杈捐瀹氱悊褰㈠紡鐨勬帹鐞嗐€傜浉姣斾箣涓嬶紝鍚庤€呰嚦灏戞秹鍙婁互涓嬭兘鍔涳細浜嗚В涓嶅悓褰㈠紡鐨勭煡璇嗗祵鍏ュ伐浣滄祦绋嬪拰宸ヤ綔鍦烘墍浜у搧鐨勬柟寮?鍒╃敤杩欑鐞嗚В涓庡叾浠栦笓涓氫汉鍛樺悎浣滅敓浜т骇鍝佸拰鏈嶅姟;鍦ㄥ繀瑕佹椂鍒╃敤宸ヤ綔鍦烘墍澶栭儴鐨勮祫婧愭潵瑙ｅ喅闂銆傛暀瀛﹀啀鎯呭鍖栫殑杩囩▼鏈夎禆浜庢暀甯堥€氳繃甯姪瀛︾敓杩涜鎺ㄧ悊鏉ユ敮鎸佷粬浠妸鎻＄悊璁轰笌瀹炶返涔嬮棿鐨勫叧绯汇€?/p>
杩欎竴瑙傚療鐨勬剰涔夊彲浠ラ€氳繃鑰冭檻绯荤粺鑽悊瀛︼紙Systemic Pharmacology锛夋潵寮鸿皟锛屼篃灏辨槸鑽墿瀵圭敓鐞嗙郴缁熺殑浣滅敤锛岃繖鏄嵂鍓傚涓殑涓€涓瓙棰嗗煙锛屽皢琚暀鎺堢粰鑽墏瀛︾殑瀛︾敓锛屼互甯姪浠栦滑鍙戝睍鍩轰簬瀛︾鍜岀壒瀹氳亴涓氱殑鎺ㄧ悊鑳藉姏銆傞€氳繃榧撳姳瀛︾敓浜嗚В鑽墿鐨勮嵂鐞嗗鍩虹鍜岃嵂鐗╁奖鍝嶇敓鐗╃郴缁熺殑鏂瑰紡锛岃嵂鍓傚涓撲笟鐨勫鐢熻兘澶熶粠浜嬩竴椤瑰伐浣滐紝鍦ㄩ偅閲屼粬浠彲鑳介渶瑕佽瘎浼颁竴绉嶈嵂鐗╀笌鍙︿竴绉嶈嵂鐗╃浉姣斿鎮ｈ€呯殑鐩婂锛屽苟棰勬祴鎮ｈ€呭彲鑳藉彂鐢熺殑鑽墿涓嶈壇鍙嶅簲锛圓dverse Drug Reactions锛孉DRS锛夋垨鐗规畩鍙嶅簲鐨勫吀鍨嬫ā寮忋€?/p>
鐒惰€岋紝浣滀负鑽墏瀛﹀浣嶇殑涓€閮ㄥ垎锛屽疄涔犺嵂鍓傚笀鍦ㄦ壙鎷呭伐浣滀换鍔℃椂锛岀粡甯镐細閬囧埌鏈夊绉嶆儏鍐靛拰澶嶆潅鐥呭彶鐨勬偅鑰呫€傚洜姝わ紝瀵逛簬瀹炰範鑽墏甯堟潵璇达紝纭畾鎮ｈ€呭彂鐢烝DR鐨勫彲鑳芥€ф槸涓€涓鏉傝€屽叿鏈夋寫鎴樻€х殑杩囩▼锛屽嵆浣夸粬浠皢寰楀埌缁忛獙涓板瘜鐨勮嵂鍓傚笀鐨勬敮鎸侊紝鍥犱负浠栦滑蹇呴』棣栧厛閲嶆柊浜嗚В涓庝互涓嬪唴瀹圭浉鍏崇殑绯荤粺鑽悊瀛︼紙Systemic Pharmacology锛夌煡璇嗗拰ADR妯″紡锛氱梾浜哄鍏剁壒瀹氭儏鍐电殑鎻忚堪锛屼互鍙婁粬浠互鍓嶅彲鑳界粡鍘嗙殑浠讳綍涓嶈壇鍙嶅簲;鍙緵浣跨敤鐨勯€傚悎鐥呬汉鎯呭喌鐨勮嵂鐗?浠ュ強缁忛獙涓板瘜鐨勮嵂鍓傚笀鍚戜粬浠彁渚涗笌鎮ｈ€呯梾鍙叉湁鍏崇殑鍙兘鐨凙DR寤鸿锛屼互渚垮喅瀹氬悜鎮ｈ€呮帹鑽愬摢绉嶈嵂鐗┿€傝繖绉嶅伐浣滃満鎵€鏁欏鍐嶆儏澧冨寲鐨勭粨鏋滄槸瀹炰範鑽墏甯堣亴涓氭帹鐞嗘ā寮忕殑閫愭笎鍙戝睍锛屽叾鍩虹鏄粬浠€氳繃鎺ㄦ柇闅忓嵆鑰屾潵鐨勪笌鎮ｈ€呯壒瀹氭儏澧冪浉鍏崇殑鎯呭喌鏉ュ舰鎴愬垽鏂兘鍔涖€傜浉姣斾箣涓嬶紝鍦ㄨ嵂鎴垮伐浣滀互甯姪浠栦滑鍐冲畾鏄惁鍦ㄥぇ瀛﹀涔犺嵂鍓傚鐨勫鐢熶粛鐒跺杩欎竴鑱屼笟鎰熷叴瓒ｏ紝浣嗗師鍥犳湁鎵€涓嶅悓銆備粬浠皢鍏虫敞鑽墏甯堜负浠€涔堥€夋嫨杩欎竴鑱屼笟锛屼互鍙婁负浠€涔堝叾鍦ㄤ笓涓氫笂鏄湁鍥炴姤鐨勬垨鍏锋湁鎸戞垬鎬х殑銆備粬浠篃鍙備笌浜嗗伐浣滃満鎵€鍐嶆儏澧冨寲鐨勮繘绋嬶紝浣嗗叾鐩殑鏄績杩涜亴涓氬喅绛栵紝鑰屼笉鏄彂灞曠壒瀹氳亴涓氱殑涓撻棬鐭ヨ瘑銆?/p>
姝ｅ鍓嶉潰鎻愬嚭鐨勬ā鍨嬫墍鎸囧嚭鐨勶紝涓婅堪涓夌ó褰㈠紡鐨勫啀鎯呭鍖栤€斺€斿唴瀹广€佹暀瀛﹀拰宸ヤ綔鍦烘墍锛岄兘鏈夊姪浜庝絾涓嶈兘鍐冲畾瀛︿範鑰呬笓涓氱煡璇嗗拰韬唤鐨勫舰鎴愩€傝繖涓€杩囩▼鏄湪瀛︿範鑰呭悓鏃惰浣夸粬浠殑鍔涢噺鍙備笌鏁欒偛鏈烘瀯鍜屽伐浣滃満鎵€鎻愪緵鐨勬満浼氾紝浠ュ強涓鸿嚜宸卞垱閫犳満浼氾紝鍙戝睍浠栦滑浠ョ邯寰嬪拰鑱屼笟鐗规湁鐨勬柟寮忚繘琛屾帹鐞嗙殑鑳藉姏鐨勮繃绋嬩腑瀹屾垚鐨勩€傚湪姝よ繃绋嬩腑锛屽涔犺€呭皢浠栦滑鑷繁鐨勬椿鍔ㄥ璞★紝鍗充粬浠粠浜嬪伐浣滅殑鍘熷洜涓庝粬浠殑宸ヤ綔缁忛獙鐩哥粨鍚堬紝浠ョ‘瀹氭垨閫夋嫨鍙︿竴绉嶈亴涓氭柟鍚戙€?/p>
瀛︿範鑰呭啀鎯呭鍖栬繃绋嬬殑缁撴灉浼氬洜瀛︿範鑰呮槸鍙傚姞瀛︽湳璇剧▼杩樻槸鑱屼笟璇剧▼鑰屾湁鎵€涓嶅悓锛屽敖绠″畠浠兘鎻愪緵浜嗚幏寰楀伐浣滅粡楠岀殑鏈轰細锛岃€屼笖灏变粬浠墍鎺ュ彈鐨勪笉鍚屽舰寮忕殑璇勪及鑰岃█锛屽浜庡墠鑰咃紝瀛︿範鑰呭簲璇ユ牴鎹邯寰嬫儻渚嬨€佹巿鏉冧功鍜岃瘎浼版ā寮忎互涔﹂潰鍜屽彛澶村舰寮忚〃杈句粬浠殑鐞嗚В锛屽苟灏嗗伐浣滅粡楠屼綔涓轰簡瑙ｆ煇涓€鑱屼笟鎴栨煇涓€閮ㄩ棬鎴栧府鍔╀粬浠綔鍑鸿亴涓氶€夋嫨鐨勪竴绉嶆柟寮忋€傜浉姣斾箣涓嬶紝鑱屼笟瀛︿範鑰呭簲鎸夌収绫讳技鐨勬儻渚嬪拰璇勪及妯″紡锛屼互涔﹂潰鍜屽彛澶寸殑褰㈠紡琛ㄨ揪浠栦滑鐨勭悊瑙ｏ紝浣嗕篃瑕佸埄鐢ㄤ粬浠殑宸ヤ綔缁忛獙鏉ヨ瀺鍚堝绉戝拰瀹炶返鐨勭悊瑙ｅ拰缁忛獙锛屼互鍙戝睍涓€绉嶈亴涓氬舰寮忕殑璁よ瘑銆傚洖鍒扮郴缁熻嵂瀛︾殑渚嬪瓙锛屽疄涔犺嵂鍓傚笀搴旇鍙戝睍杩欎袱绉嶇被鍨嬬殑鎺ㄧ悊锛氫粬浠殑瀛︿綅绛夌骇灏嗘牴鎹粬浠壒瀹氬绉戠殑璇勪及鏍囧噯杩涜鎺ㄧ悊鐨勮兘鍔涙潵鍒ゆ柇锛岃€屼粬浠湪鑽瀹炶返涓殑琛ㄧ幇灏嗘牴鎹粬浠殑鎺ㄧ悊鑳藉姏鍜屼互鐗瑰畾鑱屼笟鐨勬柟寮忚浜嬬殑鑳藉姏鏉ヨ瘎鍒ゃ€?/p>
锛堝洓锛夐€氳繃鏁板瓧鍜岀Щ鍔ㄦ妧鏈績杩涘啀鎯呭鍖?/p>
鏈爺绌舵湁涓€鍊嬩富瑕佺洰鐨勨€斺€旈€氳繃灞曠ず鍚庤€呭浣曡В鍐冲墠鑰呯殑灞€闄愭€э紝骞跺悜鐮旂┒浜哄憳銆佹斂绛栧埗瀹氳€呭拰瀹炶返鑰呮彁渚涘尯鍒嗭紙鑰屼笉鏄贩鍚堬級涓庡鏍＄浉鍏崇殑涓嶅悓瀛︿範缁撴灉鐨勬柟娉曪紝鏉ユ瘮杈冨伐浣滅粡楠岀殑琛旀帴绫诲瀷瀛﹀拰鐭ヨ瘑鐨勯噸鏋勬ā鍨嬪強鍏跺宸ヤ綔缁忛獙鐨勫奖鍝嶏紝鑰屼笉鏄互瀛﹀緬涓哄熀纭€鐨勮亴涓氭暀鑲层€傛渶鍚庯紝閫氳繃璁ㄨ鏁板瓧鍜岀Щ鍔ㄦ妧鏈湪涓ょ绫诲瀷鐨勮亴涓氭暀鑲蹭笌鍩硅涓殑浣滅敤鏉ユ帰璁ㄨ繖涓€闂銆?/p>
浜轰滑鏅亶璁や负锛屾暟瀛楁妧鏈殑鎵╁睍涓哄涔犺€呮彁渚涗簡鍦ㄤ竴绯诲垪鍏朵粬鐜涓闂拰寮€灞曞涔犳椿鍔ㄧ殑鏈轰細锛屽寘鎷搴€佸ぇ瀛﹀拰宸ヤ綔鐜銆佸叕鍏卞浘涔﹂鍜岄潚骞翠腑蹇冿紙Ludvigsen et al.锛屄?2011锛夈€傝绠楁満銆佺瑪璁版湰鐢佃剳銆佹墜鏈哄拰涓婄綉鏈瓑璁惧淇冭繘浜嗚櫄鎷熷涔犵┖闂寸殑鍙戝睍锛屽湪铏氭嫙瀛︿範绌洪棿涓紝瀛︿範鍙兘涓嶄笌鐗瑰畾鍦扮偣鎴栫壒瀹氭椂闂寸浉鍏宠仈锛屼絾鍏充簬涓婅堪绉诲姩瀛︿範鎶€鏈拰褰㈠紡濡備綍涓烘暀鑲叉満鏋勫拰宸ヤ綔鍦烘墍鎻愪緵鏂扮殑鏂瑰紡锛屼互澧炲己鍩轰簬瀛︽牎鍜屽寰掑埗鐨勮亴涓氭暀鑲蹭笌鍩硅鐨勫伐浣滅粡楠岀殑璁ㄨ杈冨皯銆?/p>
涓轰簡璇存槑瀹冧滑鐨勬綔鍔涳紝鏈枃棣栧厛鍊熼壌濞佹柉鍝堢壒锛圵ishart锛夊拰鏍兼灄锛圙reen锛?2011锛夊叧浜庢湭鏉モ€滅Щ鍔ㄥ満鏅€濈殑姒傚康锛屼互纭畾瀛︿範鑰呭彲浠ラ€氳繃澶氱鏂瑰紡浣跨敤鏁板瓧鍜岀Щ鍔ㄦ妧鏈潵淇冭繘鏁欒偛鍜屽伐浣滀箣闂寸殑璺ㄧ晫銆傜劧鍚庯紝浣跨敤鍐嶆儏澧冨寲妯″瀷鏉ヨ€冭檻姣忎釜鍦烘櫙瀵瑰熀浜庡鏍″拰瀛﹀緬鍒剁殑鑱屼笟鏁欒偛涓庡煿璁殑褰卞搷銆傚▉鏂搱鐗瑰拰鏍兼灄鐨勫満鏅槸锛?/p>
鍦烘櫙1锛氬湪鑱屼笟棰嗗煙璁板綍浣撻獙鎬у涔狅紝涓哄氨涓氬畨缃仛鍑嗗銆傚闄㈠彲浠ョ‘淇濆涔犺€呭湪瀛︿範鏃跺垱寤鸿嚜宸辩殑缁勫悎锛岃繖浜涚粍鍚堝彲浠ラ€氳繃绉诲姩鐢佃瘽璁块棶锛屽缃戝惂绛夈€傝繖涓€璧勬簮鏃㈡湁绉佷汉绌洪棿锛屼篃鏈夊叕鍏辩┖闂达紝鍚庤€呭皢鍖呭惈瀛︿範鑰呯殑鐓х墖銆佽棰戙€侀拡瀵瑰叿浣撹亴涓氬涔犵殑瑙嗛鏃ヨ鍙嶆€濓紝鑰屽墠鑰呭皢閫氳繃铏氭嫙瀛︿範鐜绛夊寘鍚粬浠殑璇剧▼鏉愭枡銆佷綔涓氬拰璇勪及銆傛。妗堣鐨勫垱寤哄皢浣垮涔犺€呬互鍚庤兘澶熷皢鍏剁粡楠屽涔犵殑鍚勪釜鏂归潰鐢ㄤ簬鍚岃璁ㄨ锛屼綔涓轰綔涓氱殑璧勬簮锛屽苟灏嗗叾浣滀负鍏变韩鐨勪笓涓氭。妗堣鐨勪竴閮ㄥ垎绾冲叆璇稿linkedIn绛夊叕鍏辩綉缁滀腑銆?/p>
鍦烘櫙2锛氬湪瀹炰範鏈熼棿涓€璧峰伐浣滃拰瀛︿範锛堝嵆宸ヤ綔缁忛獙锛夈€傚涔犺€呭彲浠ヤ娇鐢ㄦ墜鎸佽澶囨垨绉诲姩绗旇鏈數鑴戝湪瀹炰範鏈熼棿涓庡悓榫勪汉鍜屽甯堝垎浜粬浠殑缁忛獙鍜屾劅鎯炽€傚涔犺€呭彲浠ヤ娇鐢ㄦ墜鎸佽澶囧鐞嗙浉鍚屾垨鐩镐技鐨勯棶棰橈紝褰兼鑱旂郴骞惰璁哄浣曞鐞嗙浉鍚岀殑闂锛屽甯堝彲浠ョ粍缁囦粬浠嚜韬拰瀛﹀憳涔嬮棿鐨凷kype璁ㄨ锛岃璁鸿瀺鍚堝拰涓嶅悓鐨勪綋楠屻€?/p>
鍦烘櫙3锛氳鎺ユ湇鍔″拰璧勬簮銆傚闄笌鍏跺浘涔﹂鍙互瀹夋帓瀛︿範鑰呰繙绋嬭闂功绫嶃€佹湡鍒娿€佹暟鎹簱绛夛紝鍦ㄨ繙绂诲闄㈠涔犳垨宸ヤ綔瀹夋帓鏃跺彲浠ヨ闂繖浜涘唴瀹广€傛棤澶勪笉鍦ㄧ殑杩為€氭€у皢浣垮涔犺€呰兘澶熷湪瀹炰範宸ヤ綔鏃堕噸鏂拌闂绋嬪唴瀹癸紝骞跺皢鍏朵綔涓轰竴绉嶈祫婧愶紝浠ュ府鍔╀粬浠В鍐崇煡璇嗗湪宸ヤ綔鍦烘墍鐨勫祵鍏ユ€ч棶棰樸€?/p>
浠庢湰鐮旂┒鎻愬嚭鐨勫啀鎯呭鍖栫殑瑙掑害鏉ョ湅锛岃亴涓氭暀鑲蹭笌鍩硅璁″垝鐨勭洰鐨勫皢褰卞搷瀛︿範鑰呭弬涓庢暟瀛楀拰绉诲姩鎶€鏈殑鏂瑰紡锛屼互鍙婁粬浠皢鍙戝睍鐨勭煡璇嗗拰鎶€鑳界殑绫诲瀷銆備緥濡傦紝浠ュ鏍′负鍩虹鐨勮亴涓氭暀鑲蹭笌鍩硅鐨勫涔犺€呭皢鍒╃敤涓婅堪鏁板瓧鍜岀Щ鍔ㄦ妧鏈紝鍒嗕韩褰兼鐨勫伐浣滅粡楠岋紝浠ヤ究瀹炵幇濡備笅鐩爣锛氭彮绀鸿亴涓氶鍩熷伐浣滅殑澶氭牱鎬?寮曞彂鍏充簬鐭ヨ瘑宓屽叆鎬ч棶棰樼殑璁ㄨ;璁╁叾浠栧涔犺€呭強鍏跺甯堝弬涓庡埌鍒嗛厤缁欎粬浠殑浠诲姟鑼冨洿锛屼娇浠栦滑閫傚簲鐗瑰畾鑱屼笟棰嗗煙鐨勫伐浣?浠ュ強寮€鍙戜竴涓狶inkedIn鎶曡祫缁勫悎锛屽悜娼滃湪闆囦富鎺ㄩ攢鑷繁銆傜浉鍙嶏紝鍩轰簬瀛﹀緬鍒剁殑鑱屼笟鏁欒偛鐨勫鍛樺皢涓庡叾浠栦汉鍒嗕韩浠栦滑鐨勫伐浣滅粡楠岋紝浠ヤ究璁ㄨ浠栦滑姝ｅ湪鍔姏鍙戝睍鑱屼笟涓撻暱鐨勭▼搴?寮曞彂鍏充簬濡備綍瑙ｅ喅鐭ヨ瘑宓屽叆鎬ч棶棰樼殑璁ㄨ;璁╁叾浠栧鍛樺強鍏跺甯堝弬涓庤璁哄浣曚娇璇剧▼鍐呭鍜屽伐浣滃満鎵€瀹炶返鏇寸揣瀵嗗湴缁撳悎鍦ㄤ竴璧?鍒涘缓涓€涓狶inkedIn缁勫悎锛屼互纭畾浠栦滑涓哄綋鍓嶅拰娼滃湪鐨勬湭鏉ラ泧涓昏幏寰楃殑鐗瑰畾鑱屼笟鐭ヨ瘑鍜屾妧鑳界殑鑼冨洿銆?/p>
鍙?鑰?鏂?鐚?/p>
[1]Akkerman锛?S. F.锛?& Bakker锛?A. Boundary Crossing and Boundary Objects[J].Review of Educational Research锛?011锛?1锛?锛夛細132-169.
[2]Akkerman锛?S. F.锛?& Bakker锛?A. Crossing Boundaries between School and Work during Apprenticeships[J].Vocations and Learning锛?012锛?锛?锛夛細153-173.
[3][4]Beach锛?K. Consequential Transitions锛?A Sociocultural Expedition beyond Transfer in Education. Review of Research in Education锛?999锛?4锛夛細101-139.
[5]Beach锛?K.; Vyas锛?S. Light Pickles and Heavy Mustard. Horizontal Development among Students Negotiating-how to Learn in a Production Activity[C].Paper presented at the Fourth Conference of the International Society for Cultural Research and Activity Theory锛?June 1998 University of Aarhus锛?Denmark.
[6]Beach锛?K. & Vyas锛?S. Light Pickles and Heavy Mustard锛?Horizontal Development Among Students Negotiating How to Learn in a Production Activity[C].Paper presented at the Fourth Conference of the International Society for Cultural research and Activity Theory锛?University of Aarhus锛?Denmark锛?998.
[7]Bernstein锛?B. Pedagogy锛?Symbolic Control and Identity锛?Theory锛?Research and Critique 锛圧evised Edition锛塠M]. Lanham锛?Rowman and Littlefield锛?000.
[8]Bell锛?D. The Coming of the Post Industrial Society[M]. New York锛?Basic Books锛?973.
[9]Billett锛?S. Learning in the workplace[M]. Sydney锛?Allen and Unwin锛?001.
[10]Billett锛?S. Learning in the Workplace锛?Strategies for Effective Practice[Z]. Allen & Unwin锛?PO Box 8500锛?St Leonards锛?1590 NSW锛?Australia锛?001.
[11]Boreham锛?N. & Fischer锛?M. Work Process Knowledge[M]. London锛?Routledge锛?002.
[12]Brandom锛?R. Articulating Reasons锛?An Introduction to Inferentialism[M]. Cambridge. MA锛?Harvard University Press锛?000.
[13]European Union. Lifelong Learning Memorandum[R]. Brussels锛?EU锛?999.
[14]Fischer锛?M.; Boreham锛?N. 锛坋ds锛? European Perspectives on Learning at Work锛?The Acquisition of Work Process Knowledge[R].Thessaloniki锛?Cedefop锛?004.
[15]Fischer锛?M.; Stuber锛?F. Work Process Knowledge and School-to-work Transition[M]//In锛?Scherer锛?E. 锛坋d.锛? Shop Floor Control锛?A Systems Perspective. Berlin锛?Springer Verlag锛?998.
[16]Fischer锛?M.锛?& Stuber锛?F. Work-process Knowledge and the School-to-work Transition[M]//In Shop Floor Control鈥擜 Systems Perspective. Springer Berlin Heidelberg锛?998锛?67-380.
[17]Fischer锛?M. Work Process Knowledge in the Context of Socio-technical Innovation[R].Proceedings of the European Conference on Educational Research锛?Lille锛?001.
[18]Green锛?A.锛?Leney锛?T. & Wolf. Convergence and Divergence in European Education and Training Systems[R].London锛?Bedford Way Papers锛?Institute of Education锛?University of London锛?999.
[19]Griffiths锛?T锛?Miller锛?A & Peffers锛?J锛?eds. European Work Experience锛?Principles and Practice[R]//Centre for Education and Industry锛?University of Warwick锛?992.
[20]Griffiths锛?T. & Guile锛?D. Pedagogy in Work-based Contexts[M]//In锛?Mortimore锛?P. 锛坋d.锛? Understanding Pedagogy and Its Impact on Learning. London锛?Sage Publications锛?999.
[21]Griffiths锛?T. et al. Work Experience as an Education and Training Strategy锛?New Approaches for the 21st Century[C]//Final report of an EU Fourth framework 锛圱argeted Socio-Economic Research锛?project to the European Commission锛?001.
[22]Guile锛?D. & Griffiths锛?T. Learning Through Work Experience[J]. Journal of Education and Work锛?001锛?4锛?锛夛細113-131.
[23]Guile锛?D.Professional Knowledge and Professional Practice as Continuous Recontextualisation锛?A Social Practice Perspective[M]//In Muller锛?J. and Young锛?M. 锛圗ds锛夛紝 Knowledge锛?Expertise and the Professions. London锛?Routledge锛?014锛?8-92.
[24]Guile锛?D.Professional Knowledge and Professional Practice as Continuous Recontextualisation锛?A Social Practice Perspective[M]//in Fenwick锛?T. and Nerland锛?M. 锛坋d锛?Rethinking Professional Learning. London锛?Routledge锛?014.
[25]Guile锛?D. Apprenticeship as a Model of Vocational鈥楩ormationand鈥楻eformation锛?The Use of Foundation Degrees in the Aircraft Engineering Industry[J].Journal of Vocational Education and Training Vol 63 No 3锛?011锛?51-464.
[26]Guile锛?D. The Learning Challenge of the Knowledge Economy[Z]. Rotterdam锛?Sense锛?010.
[27]Guile锛?D. & Ahamed锛?F. Modernising the Undergraduate Pharmacy Curriculum[Z]. LLAKES Research Paper 26. ESRC Research Centre Learning and Life Chances in Knowledge Economies and Societies锛?Institute of Education锛?University of London锛?010.
[28]Jamieson锛?I.锛?Miller锛?A. & Watts锛?A.G. Mirrors of Work[M]. Brighton锛?Falmer Press锛?988.
[29]K?m?r?inen锛?P. Alternative Strategies for Parity of Esteem between General/Academic and Vocational Education in Europe[M]//In锛?Lasonen锛?J. 锛坋d.锛? Reforming Upper Secondary Education in Europe. Institute for Educational Research锛?University of Jyv?skyl?锛?997.
[30]K?m?r?inen锛?P. & Streumer锛?J. Curriculum Development锛?New Learning Environments锛?and Transfer of Innovations in Europe[R]. Vocational Education and Training-the European Research Field. Background Report Vol. II. Thessaloniki锛?Cedefop锛?998.
[31]Kindermann锛?T. and Skinner锛?E.A. Modeling Environmental Development锛?Individual and Contextual Trajectories[M]//in Asendorpf锛?J.B. and Valsiner锛?J.锛?eds.锛?Stability and Change in Development. London锛?Sage锛?992.
[32]Kolb锛?D. Experiential Learning. Englewood Cliffs锛?Prentice Hall锛?984.
[33]Lahiff锛?A. & Guile锛?D. Its not Like its Normal 9 to 5锛?the Learning Journeys of Media Production Appremtices in Distributed Working Conditions[J].Published On-line Journal of Vocational Education and Training锛?016.
[34]Lasonen锛?J. in Attwell锛?G. European Policy Studies of Work Experience based on Fieldwork and Conversations with Scientific Experts in European Countries[R]. http锛?/www.theknownet.com/cedra锛?2000. Field Report Prepared for Griffiths锛?T. et al. Work Experience as an Education and Training Strategy锛?New Approaches for the 21st Century. Final report of an EU Fourth framework 锛圱argeted Socio-Economic Research锛?Project to the European Commission锛?001.
[35]Lave. J. & Wenger. E. Situated Learning锛?Legitimate Peripheral Participation[M]. New York锛?Cambridge University Press锛?991.
[36]Lave锛?J. Cognition in Practice锛?Mind锛?Mathematics and Culture in Everyday Life[M]. Cambridge锛?Cambridge University Press锛?988.
[37]Miller锛?A. To Boldly go ... Work Experience but not as We Know It锛焄M]//In锛?Miller锛?A.; Forrest锛?G. 锛坋ds锛? Work Experience for the 21st Century. CEI锛?University of Warwick锛?996.
[38]Miller锛?A.锛?Watts锛?A.G. & Jamieson锛?I. 锛坋ds锛? Rethinking Work Experience[M]. Brighton锛?Falmer Press锛?991.
[39]Nonaka锛?I. & Takeuchi锛?H. The Knowledge Creating Company[M]. New York锛?Oxford University Press锛?995.
[40]Nonaka锛?I. & Teece锛?D. Managing Industrial Knowledge[M]. London锛?Sage锛?001.
[41]Oates锛?T. & Fettes锛?T. Work Experience and Key Skills[M]//In锛?Forrest锛?G. 锛坋d.锛?Work Experience for the 21st Century锛?Changing Priorities锛?Changing Practice. CEI锛?University of Warwick锛?997.
[42]Prawat锛?R. The Value of Ideas[M]. Educational Researcher锛?993.
[43]Sfard锛?A. On Two metaphors for Learning and the Dangers of Choosing Just One[J]. Educational Researcher锛?998锛?7锛?锛夛細4-13.
[44]Spender锛?J. C.锛?& Grant锛?R. M. Knowledge and the Firm锛?Overview[J]. Strategic Management Journal锛?996锛?7锛圫2锛夛細5-9.
[45]Stehr锛?N. 锛?994锛?Knowledge Societies[M]. London锛?Routledge锛?994.
[46]Stern锛?D. & Wagner锛?D. A. 锛坋ds锛? International Perspectives on School-to-Work Transition[M]. Cresskill N. J.锛欻ampton Press锛?991.
[47]Touraine锛?A. Post Industrial Society[M]. New York锛?Random House锛?969.
[48]Vickers锛?M. Employer Participation in School-to-Work Programmes锛?The Changing Situation in Europe[M]//In锛?Bailey锛?T. 锛坋d.锛? Learning to Work锛?Employer Participation in School-to-work Programmes. Washington锛?DC锛?Brookings Institute锛?995.
[49]Watts锛?A.G. The Concept of Work Experience[M]//In锛?Miller锛?A.锛?Watts锛?A.G.; Jamieson锛?I. 锛坋ds锛? Rethinking Work Experience. Brighton锛?Falmer Press锛?991.
[50]Watts锛?A.G. Work Experience and Schools[M]. London锛?Heinnemann锛?983.
[51]Wheelehan锛?L. Why Knowledge Matters[M]//In Curriculum. London锛?Routledge锛?010.
