籍万杰
研究近几年高考试题可以发现,阅读七选五考查的设空类型可归纳为“两主题”“两总结”和“一承启”,即考查类型可以分为段落主题句、篇章主题句、段落总结句、篇章总结句和承上启下句等五类。其中,承上启下句和段落主题句是考查最多的类型。
一、解题步骤
1. 跳读全文,把握结构
通过快速跳读文章,考生可以掌握全篇文脉,这样才能从总体上对文章的结构有一个大致的了解。
2. 浏览选项,初判位置
通过快速浏览选项,考生可以根据选项的特点和内容大概确定哪个选项适合放在文章的什么位置。
3. 再读文章,分类作答
考生这次需要细读文章,根据空格处的位置判断所填句子的类型,根据不同类型分别作答。
4. 复读全文,检查答案
在完成选项定位后,考生应复读全文,检查文章内容是否完整,语义是否连贯合理,各段落内容是否紧扣主题,语篇结构是否完整。同时,我们还应注意对相近选项进行对比分析,个别干扰项由于与正确选项的内容相近,具有很强的干扰性。这时考生就需要认真分析,仔细甄别,排除干扰。
二、解题方法
1. 段落主题句
说明文体裁的阅读七选五常常会考查段落主题句。根据说明文体裁的特点,如果空格位于第一段后面的段首,命题人通常考查的就是段落主题句。
考生首先观察其他段落主题句的句式特点,确定可能正确的选项。如果符合段落主题句的选项不止一个,则通读把握该段内容,根据段落一致性原则,查找备选项和段落中是否有原词复现、同义词复现,从而推测出主题句。
【考例1】(2020 年全国卷I · 节选)
● 37 Do not follow the people who make you feel notgood-enough. Why do you follow them? Are you hoping thateventually you will feel empowered because your life is better thantheirs? Know that your life is your own; you are the only you inthis world.
A. Feeling upset again?
B. Where do you start?
C. Nothing is too small to celebrate.
D. Remember, you are only human.
E. Set an intention for self-acceptance.
F. Stop comparing yourself with others.
G. When does the comparison game start?
解析:第37 题位于文章第二段的段首,根据本篇是说明文这一特点,空格处应为段落主题句。观察下面两段的段首句,“Forgive yourself for mistakes that you have made.”和“Recognize all of your strengths.”都使用了祈使句形式,故第37 题应该也是祈使句形式。七个选项中D 项、E 项和F项是备选项。通读把握本段内容可知,本段主要谈论的是不要和他人对比,故F 项(停止与他人做比較)符合本段主题。【考例2】(2019 年全国卷III · 节选)
Dos
● 37 Questions about subject content are generally welcomed.Before asking questions about the course design, read thesyllabus(教学大纲)and learning management system informationto be sure the answer isnt hiding in plain sight.
● Participate in discussion forums(论坛), blogs and otheropen-ended forums for dialogue. 38 Be sure to stay on topicand not offer irrelevant information. Make a point, and make it safefor others to do the same.
A. Thats what they are for.
B. Turn to an online instructor for help.
C. If more information is needed, they will ask.
D. Remember that online professors get a lot of emails.
E. Below are some common dos and donts for onlinelearners.
F. Everyone has taken a not-so-great class at one time oranother.
G. Ask questions, but make sure they are good, thoughtfulquestions.
解析:第37 题位于段首,根据本篇是说明文这一特点,空格处应为段落主题句。下一段的段落主题句“Participate indiscussion forums(论坛),blogs and other open-ended forumsfor dialogue.”是祈使句形式,故第37 题也应该使用祈使句,选项中符合这一特点的是B 项、D 项和G 项。通读把握本段内容可知,空格后面解释了什么样的问题是好问题,与G项呼应。
第38题选A项。学生要参加研讨论坛,加入博客讨论和其他开放式的对话论坛,因为这些讨论形式就是为学生设计的。
2. 篇章主题句
说明文通常采用“开门见山”的写作手法,其首段通常是主题段,首段的末句一般是全文的主题所在,说明本文将探讨哪些内容或对某一问题、现象给出一些解决办法,然后会在下文中以提纲或要点的形式呈现。如果首段的末句设空,则优先考虑是篇章主题句。考生需要查找选项中是否有统领全文的主题句,如“Below are some helpful suggestionson; Here are some points/suggestions/steps; Four ways/stepsto”等。
【考例3】(2018 年6 月浙江卷· 节选)
Moving into a new home in a new neighborhood is an excitingexperience. Of course, you want to make sure that you becomean accepted and valuable part of your new neighborhood. The easiestway to accomplish this is to make sure you conduct yourself asa good neighbor should. 31
A. In general, keep an eye on their property while they are gone.
B. A good neighbor is also one who likes to help out in smallways.
C. Being a good neighbor is more or less about consideratebehavior.
D. Sometimes neighbors may go to the supermarket togetherto do shopping.
E. Should you come across waste paper thrown out of a passingcar, pick it up.
F. People tend to take pride in keeping everything in theirstreet fresh and inviting.
G. Here are a few tips to help you win over everyone in theneighborhood quickly.
解析:快速瀏览全文可知,这是一篇说明文。第31 题设题在首段的末句,极有可能是篇章主题句。通读把握文章结构可知,文章第一段谈论的是如何快速地融入新的社区,下面接下来的几段分别提供了几个有效的窍门。因此,第一段的最后一句是篇章主题句,G 项“Here are a few tips tohelp you win over everyone in the neighborhood quickly”能够统领全文。
3. 段落总结句
如果设空位于段末,则设题可分为两种情况。一种是承接逻辑类,考查设空处与前文的顺承逻辑关系,解题时可以参照承上启下句的解题办法。另一类则可能是段落总结句,是对整段话的总结和概括。考生要注意选项中是否有表示结论、概括性的语句,注意查找表示结果、结论、总结的信号词, 如therefore,as a result,thus,to sum up,toconclude,in short,in a word 等词语。另外,选项中也可能发现与主题句呼应的关键词。
【考例4】(2020 年全国卷I · 节选)
● Recognize all of your strengths. Write them down in ajournal. Begin to train your brain to look at strength before weakness.List all of your accomplishments and achievements. You havea job, earned your degree, and you got out of bed today. 39
A. Feeling upset again?
B. Where do you start?
C. Nothing is too small to celebrate.
D. Remember, you are only human.
E. Set an intention for self-acceptance.
F. Stop comparing yourself with others.
G. When does the comparison game start?
解析:本题位于段末,优先考虑可能是段落总结句。本段的主题句“Recognize all of your strengths”意思是“认识到你所有的优点”,后面告诉我们要把所有的成就列举出来,比如你有了一份工作,拿到了学位,今天你摆脱了困境等。这些小事都是你取得的成就,都值得庆祝,即没有什么事是因为太小而不值得庆祝的,故选C 项。
4. 篇章总结句
如果说明文的最后一段不是与前面几段并列的要点,而是对整篇文章的总结,则该段是篇章总结段。如果在段末设空,则极有可能是篇章总结句。考生要查找选项中是否有能“呼应前文主题,并且总结概括,得出结论”的句子。七选五阅读文章大部分没有总结段,近十年来只有2012 年全国新课标卷考查了这一类型,但是也应引起考生注意。如果考生没有篇章总结的意识,而只是在最后一段考虑顺承关系,则会局限自己的思维,浪费了很多时间而找不到解题依据。
【考例5】(2012 年全国新课标卷· 节选)
These steps arent magic, but they do work. And if you canstay positive as you make your way through a tough time, youllhelp yourself feel better even faster. 75
A. Ask for a helping hand to get you through the tough situation.
B. Notice your friends feelings and find a way to help them.
C. Different people feel stress in different ways.
D. Ah, it feels so good when the stress is gone.
E. You need to figure out what the problem is.
F. And dont forget about your friends.
G. Then, find a way to calm down.
解析:該段是文章的最后一段,设空位于篇尾,并且最后一段是对全文的总结,应该是篇章总结句。文章介绍了克服压力的四个步骤:获取支持、避免自责、解决问题和保持积极情绪。最后一段说,这些措施并不是万能的,但是的确会起作用。如果你在渡过困难的过程中保持积极乐观的态度,你就能够更快地帮助自己感觉更好。最后一句是对全文的总结:解除压力后的感觉真棒!因此选择D 项“Ah, itfeels so good when the stress is gone.”
5. 承上启下句
承上启下句是考查最多的一类。命题者对该类型题目通常在文章或段落的中间设题,有时也在段落的最后设题。这类型所考查设空的句子通常在语境和逻辑两方面与上下文有密切的关系。
解题方法:①注意特殊疑问词。如果选项中或空格前出现特殊疑问词,一定要把这句话仔细读几遍,因为对于不同特殊疑问词的回答方式是不一样的,比如对why 的回答,后面要有because 等表示原因的词,对when 的回答,后面要有表示时间的状语,对where 的回答,后面要有表示地点的名词,对how 的回答,后面要有方式状语等。②注意表示转折、递进、因果、让步、顺承、举例等逻辑关系的连词或副词。因为这些连词或副词可以表现句与句之间的关系,通过不同的连词或副词我们可以推出句与句之间不同的关系。③注意查找是否有一些关键词的重复。关注空格前后的名词、动词等实词,然后在选项中查找它们的近义词、反义词、同义词、同类词等。④注意空格后面句子中的代词和限定词。代词可以指代前面句子中的一个名词或者整个句子,通过代词我们就能够找到它所指代的对象。限定词所修饰的名词意味着特指,根据这个名词就可以找到含有该名词的相应选项。
【考例6】(2020 年全国卷II · 节选)
In Asia, messaging platforms are growing rapidly, with usersin the hundreds of millions, both at work and play. 36 . Its beenreported that 76 percent of employees in some western countriesare using emojis at work.
A. Message with emojis feel more conversational
B. Even a formal email can seem cold and unfriendly
C. Sending smiling faces to colleagues may seem strange
D. The popularity of these platforms is spreading globally
E. Giving employees the tools enables them to communicatehonestly
F. Studies show that friendlier communication leads to ahappier workplace
G. An easy way to bring all work generations together is witha chat platform
解析:该题位于段中,应为承上启下句。根据前句“InAsia, messaging platforms are growing rapidly, with users in thehundreds of millions, both at work and play.(在亚洲,即时通讯平台正在迅速发展,无论是工作还是娱乐,都有数亿用户)”和后句“Its been reported that 76 percent of employees insome western countries are using emojis at work.(据报道,在一些西方国家,76% 的员工在工作中使用表情符号)”可知,前后句都说明了即时通信平台的受欢迎程度。所以D项“Thepopularity of these platforms is spreading globally.( 这些平台的受欢迎程度正在全球蔓延)”符合题意,故选D 项。
最后需要提醒广大考生,以上五种类型在高考试题中通常不会一次全部出现,考查较多的是段落主题句和承上启下句。考生在答题时首先快速浏览全文和选项,做到心中有数,然后再根据不同类型按照以上解题策略分别作答。最后,复读全文,检查答案。这就是英语阅读七选五的五种考查类型的解题策略。



