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Long non-coding RNA CA7-4通过提高细胞自噬水平增强肺癌细胞A594的顺铂耐药

Long non-coding RNA CA7-4通过提高细胞自噬水平增强肺癌细胞A594的顺铂耐药

周张杰 蓝燕丽 蓝翔 蔡晓平

[關键词] 肺癌;非小细胞肺癌;长链非编码RNA CA7-4;顺铂;耐药;自噬

[中图分类号] R329.2          [文献标识码] A          [文章编号] 1673-9701(2021)20-0035-05

Long non-coding RNA CA7-4 in enhancing cisplatin resistance of lung cancer cell A594 by increasing autophagy levels

ZHOU Zhangjie1   LAN Yanli2   LAN Xiang2   CAI Xiaoping3

1.Department of General Medicine, Lishui Central Hospital in Zhejiang Province, Lishui   323000, China; 2.Department of Oncology, Lishui People′s Hospital in Zhejiang Province, Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical Univevsity, Lishui   323000, China; 3.Department of Respiratory Medicine, Lishui People′s Hospital in Zhejiang Province, Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical Univevsity, Lishui   323000, China

[Abstract] Objective To analyze the mechanism of long non-coding RNA (LncRNA) CA7-4 in affecting cisplatin (DDP) resistance in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell line A549. Methods The human NSCLC cell line A549 was cultured in different concentrations of DDP, and the cell viability was measured to calculate the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50). The A549 cells were divided into control group, DDP group, CA7-4 group and CA7-4+DDP group.The CA7-4 group and CA7-4+DDP group were transfected with CA7-4 pcDNA to up-regulate the level of LncRNA CA7-4. DDP group and CA7-4+DDP group were added with DDP at a final concentration of 12 μM. The cell viability, apoptosis rate and autophagy protein LC3Ⅰ and LC3Ⅱ levels of each group of cells were detected and compared. Results DDP can inhibit the growth of A549 cells in a dose-dependent manner. The IC50 value in this study was 12 μM. The level of LncRNA CA7-4 in the DDP group was significantly lower than that in the control group. The level of LncRNA CA7-4 in the CA7-4 group was significantly higher than that in the control group, and the LncRNA CA7-4 in the CA7-4+DDP group was significantly higher than that in the DDP group. The cell viability of the DDP group was significantly decreased and the apoptosis rate was significantly increased. The cell viability of the CA7-4 group was increased, and the apoptosis rate was decreased. The cell viability of the CA7-4+DDP group was significantly higher than that of the DDP group, while the apoptosis rate was significantly lower than that of the DDP group. The level of LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ in the DDP group was lower than that in the control group. The level of LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ in the CA7-4 group was higher than that in the control group. The level of LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ in the CA7-4+DDP group was significantly higher than that in the DDP group. Conclusion LncRNA CA7-4 can promote cell viability and inhibit cell apoptosis by promoting autophagy of NSCLC cell line A549, and promote cell resistance to DDP.

[Key words] Lung cancer; Non-small cell lung cancer; Long non-coding RNA CA7-4; Cisplatin; Drug resistance; Autophagy

化疗是治疗非小细胞肺癌(Non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)的主要方法,但是耐药情况的出现严重影响治疗的预后[1]。探索NSCLC化疗耐药的潜在机制是寻找有效治疗NSCLC的重要途径。细胞的自噬过程可将细胞内的物质降解并再利用,细胞自噬的激活可帮助细胞获得对外部不利环境的抗性[2]。研究已證实自噬的激活是肿瘤细胞获得耐药性的机制之一[3]。研究认为长链非编码RNA(Long non-coding RNA,LncRNA)在NSCLC耐药中发挥着重要作用[4-5]。本文通过分析LncRNA CA7-4对NSCLC对顺铂(Cisplatin,DDP)的耐药性的影响并研究其作用机制,为临床更好地改善NSCLC患者预后提供实验基础。

1 材料与方法

1.1 细胞、仪器和材料

人NSCLC细胞系A549来自ATCC公司(美国)。DMEM培养基购自Invitrogen(美国)。CA7-4 pcDNA质粒及相应的阴性对照(Negative control,NC)来自Thermo Fisher(美国)。Lipofectamine 2000来自Invitrogen公司(美国)DDP购自江苏豪森药业集团有限公司(中国)。CCK-8试剂盒购自武汉华美公司(中国)。酶标仪(ELX 800,Bio-Teck,美国)。凋亡试剂盒购自Thermo Fisher(美国)。流式细胞仪(BD FACScanto Ⅱ,Becton Dickinson,美国)。自噬标志蛋白LC3Ⅰ、LC3Ⅱ以及内参β-actin的抗体来自Abcam公司(美国)。逆转录试剂盒和实时PCR试剂盒购自TaKaRa(日本)。

1.2 细胞分组与培养

A549细胞在DMEM中培养,培养箱温度为37℃,气氛条件为5% 的CO2,相对湿度为100%。首先将A549细胞在0、5、10、15、20、25、30 μM的DDP条件下培养48 h,通过CCK-8法检测细胞存活情况并计算半数抑制浓度(Half maximal inhibitory concentration,IC50)。

然后将细胞分为对照组、DDP组、CA7-4组以及CA7-4+DDP组。其中CA7-4组和CA7-4+DDP组细胞通过转染CA7-4 pcDNA上调LncRNA CA7-4的水平,将全长CA7-4插入pcDNA3.1载体中,得到CA7-4过表达全长质粒,利用同种方法获得pcDNA3.1-空载体作为对照。CA7-4组及CA7-4+DDP组转染CA7-4过表达质粒,对照组转染空载质粒,根据说明书,使用Lipofectamine 2000转染,在转染48 h后收集细胞。将DDP组和转染后的CA7-4+DDP组细胞在12 μM的DDP条件下培养。

1.3 qPCR

通过qPCR法检测各组中LncRNA CA7-4水平确定转染效率。将细胞裂解后收集总RNA,通过逆转录试剂盒合成cDNA,然后进行PCR反应,步骤如下:95℃下2 min,95℃下15 s,60℃下25 s和72℃下60 s,共进行40个循环。以GAPDH作为内参,使用2-ΔΔCT法分析LncRNA CA7-4水平。LncRNA CA7-4上游引物:5′-ATAGGGTCTTGCTCTTG-3′,下游引物:5′-ATGTTTCCTTGGCTGTG-3′;GAPDH上游引物:5′-ACCACAGTCCATGCCATCAC-3′,下游引物:5′-TCCACCACCCTGTTGCTGTA-3′。

1.4 CCK-8法检测细胞活力

通过CCK-8法检测不同浓度DDP下及不同组的细胞活力。将2×104个细胞接种于96孔板,在培养一定时间后加入10 μL CCK-8试剂并在37℃下培养,通过酶标仪450 nm处的吸光度(OD)。

1.5 流式细胞术检测凋亡率

将细胞用PBS冲洗2次,然后重悬于缓冲液中,在黑暗、室温下用Annexin V-FITC 5 μL 染色15 min,然后添加PI 5 μL至细胞悬液染色15 min,采用流式细胞仪分析细胞凋亡率。Q2+Q3的数值为凋亡率。

1.6 Western blot

将细胞裂解后收集总蛋白,并检测蛋白纯度和浓度。使用10%的SDS-PAGE凝胶进行电泳实验分离蛋白,90 V电压下电泳120 min。然后转膜,并在室温下用5%无脂牛奶封闭2 h。加入1∶500稀释的一抗室温震荡2 h,后在4℃孵育过夜,加入二抗(稀释1∶5000),孵育 3 h。以β-actin为内参,使用ECL试剂盒可视化蛋白条带,通过Quantity One软件分析条带的灰度值并计算蛋白的表达量。

1.7 统计学方法

统计分析使用SPSS 19(SPSS,Inc.,Chicago,IL,USA)。计量资料用(x±s)表示,采用t检验,所有检测作复孔,n=3。进行单因素方差分析(ANOVA)以评估组间差异。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 DDPA549细胞的IC50值的计算

DDP可剂量依赖性地抑制A549细胞生长,本次研究中IC50=12 μM,将此浓度用于后续的实验。

2.2 各组细胞LncRNA CA7-4水平比较

结果显示,DDP组的LncRNA CA7-4水平显著低于对照组,CA7-4组的LncRNA CA7-4水平显著高于对照组,并且CA7-4+DDP组的LncRNA CA7-4显著高于DDP组。说明DDP会抑制LncRNA CA7-4的表达,而转染实验可成功地提高A549细胞中LncRNA CA7-4,并可逆转DDP对LncRNA CA7-4的抑制作用。

2.3 各组细胞活力比较

DDP组细胞活力显著低于对照组,CA7-4组的胞活力显著高于对照组,并且CA7-4+DDP组的胞活力显著高于DDP组。说明上调A549细胞中的LncRNA CA7-4的水平可以减轻DDP对细胞的影响,增加细胞耐药性。见图3。

2.4 各组细胞凋亡率比较

DDP组细胞的凋亡率显著高于对照组,CA7-4组的细胞凋亡显著低于对照组,并且CA7-4+DDP组的细胞凋亡率低于DDP组。说明上调LncRNA CA7-4的水平可以抑制DDP诱导的A549细胞凋亡。

2.5 各组细胞自噬相关蛋白水平比較

DDP组LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ水平低于对照组,CA7-4组的LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ水平高于对照组,并且CA7-4+DDP组的LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ水平显著高于DDP组。说明上调A549细胞中的LncRNA CA7-4的水平可以促进自噬。

3 讨论

肺癌的发病率在所有肿瘤中排名第二,虽然随着科技的发展,关于NSCLC的诊断和治疗技术取得长足进步,但是NSCLC患者的预后仍未有显著的改善,只有15%的患者在确诊后存活率超过5年[6-7]。对化疗药物的耐药性的出现是影响NSCLC患者预后的主要因素之一[8]。DDP是一种常用的化疗药物,作为一种细胞非特异性抗肿瘤药物,DDP可以与DNA结合并引起DNA交联,从而破坏遗传物质的结构和功能,抑制细胞的分裂增殖,分析NSCLC的耐药机制是现阶段的研究热点[9-11]。

最近研究发现LncRNA在肺癌的发生发展中有着重要作用,如LncRNA MALAT1、LncRNA-SNHG7等[12-13]。最新的研究也发现LncRNA也具有调节肿瘤耐药的作用,比如Xue等[14]发现LncRNA HOTAIR可以通过调节雌激素受体表达促进乳腺癌细胞对他莫昔芬耐药;Hu等[15]的研究也发现LncRNA CCAT1可以促进NSCLC细胞对DDP耐药。本研究中,首先通过检测A549细胞在不同DDP浓度下的细胞活力计算IC50值,本次研究中IC50值为12 μM,并将此浓度用于后续研究。进一步的研究结果表明DDP组的LncRNA CA7-4水平显著低于对照组,CA7-4组的LncRNA CA7-4水平显著高于对照组,并且CA7-4+DDP组的LncRNA CA7-4显著高于DDP组。说明转染实验可逆转DDP对LncRNA CA7-4的抑制作用。此外,DDP组细胞活力明显降低而细胞凋亡率显著升高,CA7-4组的胞活力升高、细胞凋亡率降低,并且CA7-4+DDP组的胞活力显著高于DDP组而细胞凋亡率显著低于DDP组。这说明LncRNA CA7-4的上调可以缓解DDP对A549细胞的影响,提高细胞的耐药性。

为分析LncRNA CA7-4提高A549细胞对DDP的耐药性的机制,笔者分析了其对细胞自噬水平的影响。自噬是一个连续的过程,受损的细胞器或者大分子蛋白会被包裹在囊泡中并运送至溶酶体,自溶酶体可将这些物质降解为小分子物质,而这些小分子物质可以被重新利用合成新的蛋白质和细胞器[16]。在肿瘤发生和癌症化疗期间经常发生自噬,现在研究认为自噬在化疗期间起到保护癌细胞的作用,这会导致癌症抗药性[17-18]。LC3蛋白是自噬的主要功能蛋白,LC3-Ⅰ是没有被脂化的蛋白,主要分布在胞浆中,而自噬被激活后,LC3-Ⅰ转化为LC3-Ⅱ结合在自噬体膜上,因此LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ的比值可以反映自噬水平,LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-I升高提示细胞的自噬水平升高[19]。本次研究结果显示,DDP组LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ水平低于对照组,CA7-4组的LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ水平高于对照组,并且CA7-4+DDP组的LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ水平显著高于DDP组。说明上调A549细胞中的LncRNA CA7-4的水平可以促进自噬。Zhao等[20]的研究显示,LncRNA CA7-4可以通过调节自噬减少高糖血管内皮细胞的凋亡。这提示在NSCLC中,LncRNA CA7-4具有促进自噬的作用。

综上所述,LncRNA CA7-4可以通过促进NSCLC细胞系A549的自噬水平促进细胞活力抑制细胞凋亡,提高细胞对DDP的耐药性。但是关于LncRNA CA7-4促进耐药的机制还需要进一步研究。

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(收稿日期:2020-10-15)

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