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高危多发性骨髓瘤临床观察

高危多发性骨髓瘤临床观察

傅雷华 洪攀 傅佳萍 张志坚 封蔚莹

[關键词] 多发性骨髓瘤;高危遗传学异常;RVD方案;疗效

[中图分类号] R453.9          [文献标识码] A          [文章编号] 1673-9701(2021)20-0012-05

Clinical observation of RVD regimen in the treatment of elderly patients with high-risk multiple myeloma

FU Leihua   HONG Pan   FU Jiaping   ZHANG Zhijian   FENG Weiying

Department of Hematology, Shaoxing People′s Hospital in Zhejiang Province, Shaoxing   312000, China

[Abstract] Objective To explore the efficacy and safety of RVD regimen (lenalidomide, bortezomib combined with dexamethasone) in the treatment of elderly patients with high-risk multiple myeloma (MM). Methods Twenty-four elderly patients with high-risk multiple myeloma treated in our hospital from February 2017 to February 2020 were selected as research subjects, and were divided into the full dose group and the reduced dose group according to the chemotherapy dose. They were divided into the HRCA group and the non-HRCA group according to whether carrying high risk cytogenetic abnormality (HRCA). The overall response rate (ORR) after 4 cycles of chemotherapy were compared, and the safety of RVD regimen were observed. After median follow-up of 17.2 months, the progression-free survival (PFS) and the overall survival (OS) were compared. Results The ORR in the full dose group (81.8%) was higher than that in the reduced dose group(53.8%), with statistically significant difference(P=0.040). The ORR in the non-HRCA group was higher than that in the HRCA group, with statistically significant difference(P=0.002). The PFS in the HRCA group (10.3 months) was significantly lower than that in the non-HRCA group (17.3 months), with statistically significant difference(P=0.047). There was no statistically significant difference in the PFS between the full dose group (12.1 months) and the reduced dose group(P=0.791). There was no statistically significant difference in the median OS between the HRCA group (16.3 months) and the non-HRCA group (not reaching the median OS) (P=0.129). There was no statistically significant difference in the median OS between the reduced dose group (29.4 months) and the full dose group (not reaching the median OS)(P=0.518). The most common adverse reaction of RVD regimen was peripheral neuritis, with an incidence rate of 29.2%. The main hematological adverse reaction was neutropenia, with an incidence rate of 12.5%. Conclusion HRCA is an important factor affecting the efficacy and prognosis. RVD regimen has good efficacy and safety in the treatment of elderly patients with high-risk multiple myeloma, and the satisfactory efficacy can be achieved by the reduced dose.

[Key words] Multiple myeloma; High risk cytogenetic abnormality; RVD regimen; Efficacy

多发性骨髓瘤(Multiple myeloma,MM)是一种不可治愈的恶性克隆性浆细胞异常增殖疾病,多發于老年患者,平均诊断年龄65~70岁[1]。随着免疫调节药物(Immunomodulatory drugs,IMiDs)及蛋白酶体抑制剂(Proteasome inhibitors,PIs)等多种新药的面世,疾病的疗效及预后已有显著改善[2]。目前对于年轻患者诱导后自体干细胞移植已成为一线治疗推荐,但对于老年患者,仍面临不良反应多、疗效不佳等诸多挑战[3],尤其是高危的老年患者,常合并有高危遗传学异常(High risk cytogenetic abnormality,HRCA),预后不良。本研究旨在探讨RVD(来那度胺、硼替佐米联合地塞米松)方案治疗老年高危多发性骨髓瘤的疗效及安全性,现报道如下。

1 资料与方法

1.1 一般资料

回顾性选择2017年2月至2020年2月我院诊断治疗的多发性骨髓瘤患者24例为研究对象。纳入标准:①符合2020年修订的多发性骨髓瘤诊治指南中的有症状多发性骨髓瘤诊断标准[4]者;②年龄≥65岁;③符合美国梅奥mSMART 3.0分期中的高危组分期标准[5]者;④采用RVD方案治疗者。排除标准:①血肌酐≥177 μmol/L者;②股骨头坏死者。按不同化疗剂量分为全剂量组和减低剂量组,全剂量组11例,平均年龄(70.0±2.2)岁;减剂量组13例,平均年龄(73.0±3.5)岁。两组患者的一般资料比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性。按是否合并有HRCA分为HRCA组和非HRCA组,HRCA组16例,平均年龄(72.1±3.8)岁;非HRCA组8例,平均年龄(72.5±2.9)岁。两组患者的一般资料比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性。本研究经过我院医学伦理委员会批准。

1.2 方法

24例患者均采用RVD方案化疗,具体方案如下:全剂量组:来那度胺胶囊(百济神州,国药准字H20171348或北京双鹭,国药准字H20170009)25 mg,1次/d,口服d1~d21;硼替佐米(西安杨森,国药准字J20100108)皮下注射1.3 mg/m2,d1,8,15,22;地塞米松静脉滴注 20 mg d1~d2,d8~d9,d15~d16,d22~d23);减低剂量组:来那度胺胶囊(百济神州,国药准字H20171348或北京双鹭,国药准字H20170009)25 mg,1次/d,口服 d1~d10或d1~15;硼替佐米(西安杨森,国药准字J20100108)皮下注射1.3 mg/m2,d1,8,15,22;地塞米松静脉滴注20 mg d1~d2,d8~d9,d15~d16,d22~d23。所有患者均治疗4个疗程后评价疗效和安全性。中位随访17.2个月后评价无进展生存(Progression-free survival,PFS)时间和总生存(Overall survival,OS)时间。

1.3 观察指标及评价标准

治疗4个疗程后,分析患者的疗效和不良反应。采用2020年修订的多发性骨髓瘤诊治指南中的疗效评价标准[4],分为完全缓解(Complete remission,CR)、非常好的部分缓解(Very good partial response,VGPR)、部分缓解(Partial response,PR)、微小缓解(Minimal response,MR)、疾病稳定(Stable disease,SD)、疾病进展(Progressive disease,PD)。总体反应率(Overall response rate,ORR)为PR及以上缓解。不良反应参照NCI CTCAE第3版标准判断。随访截止时间为2020年8月。OS从诊断之日起至末次随访日止,死亡患者计算至死亡日止。PFS从确诊之日起至PD或复发之日止,死亡的患者计算至死亡日止,如果治疗无效,则计PFS时间为0。

1.4 统计学方法

采用 SPSS 26.0统计学软件包进行分析,生存分析采用Kaplan-Meier法,显著性检验采用Log-rank法,等级资料采用秩和检验,均数比较采用独立t检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 临床特征

纳入本研究的24例老年高危多发性骨髓瘤患者,按M蛋白分类,IgG 12例,IgA 8例,λ轻链型3例,κ轻链型1例。具有HRCA的患者16例(66.7%),R-ISSIII期(ISSIII期合并高LDH,未合并HRCA)8例(33.3%),R-ISSIII期合并HRCA3例(12.5%)。

2.2 疗效评价

所有患者均完成4疗程RVD方案后行疗效评估。其中CR率为12.5%(3例),VGPR率为25.0%(6例),PR率为29.2%(7例),ORR为66.7%。全剂量组ORR优于剂量减低组(81.8% vs. 53.8%,P=0.040)。非HRCA组ORR显著优于HRCA组(87.5% vs. 56.3%,P=0.002)。

2.3 预后分析

中位随访时间17.2个月,死亡9例。Kaplan-Meier生存分析结果显示,中位OS为29.4个月,中位PFS为12.1个月。见图1。在亚组分析中,减低剂量组中位OS 29.4个月,全剂量组中位OS未达到,两组比较,差异无统计学意义(P=0.518)。HRCA组和非HRCA组OS比较,差异无统计学意义(P=0.129),其中HRCA组中位OS为16.3个月,非HRCA组中位OS未达到。见图2。全剂量组和减低剂量组PFS比较,差异无统计学意义(中位12.1个月 vs. 10.9个月,P=0.791),而在HRCA和非HRCA组中,非HRCA组中位PFS 17.3个月,明显高于HRCA组的10.3个月,差异有统计学意义(P=0.047)。

2.4 安全性分析

在非血液学不良反应中,最常见的为周围神经炎,感染及胃肠功能紊乱。周围神经炎发生率为29.2%,多为1~2级。胃肠功能紊乱多表现为1~2级的腹胀、便秘或腹泻,严重时可表现为肠梗阻(1例)。感染发生率为20.8%,以肺部感染多见(4例),其中3例患者死亡,占死亡人数的33.3%。深静脉血栓2例,占8.3%。在血液学不良反应中,3~4级的不良反应主要为中性粒细胞减少,发生率为12.5%。4级血小板减少1例。

3 讨论

MM是一种多发于老年的恶性肿瘤,60%的患者确诊时年龄>65岁[6]。对于老年MM患者,因自身体能的异质性,且存在多种合并症,往往无法耐受大剂量化疗及自体干细胞移植,疗效欠佳[7]。尤其是高危的老年患者,合并有多种HRCA,中位OS不足3年[8]。

目前,MM采用危险/预后分层治疗已成为共识,常用的评价体系包括R-ISS分期,国际骨髓瘤工作组(International myeloma working group,IMWG)危险分层标准及美国梅奥诊所mSMART3.0等[9],均纳入多种原发或继发的细胞遗传学异常,其中1q21,17p-,t(4;14)、t(14;16)、t(14;20)被认为是高危遗传学异常,具有独立的预后价值[10]。本研究显示,老年高危MM患者中,合并有HRCA常见(66.7%),其中最常见的HRCA为1q21,占43.8%,与既往文献报道相符[11]。Shah等[12]的研究发现,1q21的患者具有更短的0S和PFS,且常同时合并其他遗传学异常,最常见的为t(4;14),形成“双打击”MM,预后更差[12]。在本组7例1q21患者中,并未发现同时合并其他高危遗传学异常,可能与本研究病例数偏少有关。

对于高危MM的治疗,目前多推荐来那度胺联合硼替佐米的方案治疗,两者联合可克服t(4;14)、17p-等高危因素[13]。Uttervall等[14]报道RVD方案在非移植患者中ORR可达98%,而在本研究中,总ORR仅为66.7%,低于文献报道,考虑主要与患者的临床特征有关。本组患者R-ISSIII期患者占33.3%,而在Uttervall等的研究中,仅有8.7%的患者为R-ISSⅢ。本研究发现HRCA是影响疗效及PFS的重要因素。HRCA组的ORR明显低于非HRCA组(P=0.020),且在8例SD患者中,HRCA占87.5%(7/8)。在PFS方面,非HRCA組的中位PFS为17.3个月,明显高于HRCA组(P=0.047),但这种PFS的优势并未转化为总生存优势,两组间OS差异无统计学意义(P=0.518),分析原因可能与本研究病例数较少及随访时间较短有关,可能存在样本量或分布不当引起的统计偏倚,故笔者拟扩大研究病例数及增加随访时间以证实非HRCA组的总生存优势。老年MM患者常合并多种并发症,体能状态较年轻患者下降,化疗剂量常需要调整,目前临床上常用IMWG推荐的衰弱评分指导剂量调整[6]。在一项针对老年MM患者的减剂量RVD方案Ⅱ期临床研究中[15],减低剂量的RVD方案仍可取得85%的ORR及35.1个月的中位PFS。本研究中,虽然全剂量的RVD方案在ORR上优于减低剂量的方案,但PFS及OS上并无统计学差异,提示调整剂量的RVD方案剂量治疗老年MM患者仍能取得满意的效果。

在安全性方面,血液学的不良反应主要由来那度胺引起,以中性粒细胞减少和血小板减少较为常见,最常见的3~4级不良反应为中性粒细胞减少(3例,12.5%),常同时合并严重感染,本研究中,3例严重粒细胞缺乏患者均发生了严重肺部感染,最后导致死亡。1例4级血小板减少因颅内出血导致患者死亡。非血液学不良反应中,以硼替佐米引起的周围神经炎较为常见,与文献报道相符[16],不良反应多为1~2级,患者多可耐受,一般不影响化疗剂量及周期。感染的发生率为20.8%,严重程度与中性粒细胞减少相关。另外值得关注的是,来那度胺具有造成血栓形成的风险[17]。本组24例患者中,20例采用了阿司匹林预防血栓,发生深静脉血栓2例。Dimopoulos等[18]研究显示,复发/难治MM患者采用来拿度胺方案后血栓发生率为11.4%。在国内报道中,Hou等[19]研究显示,RD方案治疗复发/难治MM患者,血栓发生率为0.5%,明显低于国外数据,但入选病例排除既往有心血管、深静脉血栓史等患者,且对高危患者前期给予低分子肝素抗栓治疗。在顾炎等[20]报道的22例MM患者中,4例发生静脉血栓,发生率为18.2%。本研究中,静脉血栓发生率为8.3%。因此,在中国人群中,来那度胺致血栓风险可能并不低。目前针对血栓的预防手段主要有阿司匹林、华法林及低分子肝素,而对于几种抗栓药物的作用效果,仍缺乏前瞻性多中心大规模随机对照研究。

综上所述,RVD方案治疗老年高危多发性骨髓瘤具有良好的安全性,减低剂量方案亦可取得满意的反应率,值得临床应用。老年高危MM患者中HRCA常见,是影响疗效及预后的重要因素。

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(收稿日期:2021-02-20)

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