根据下列材料,请回答 41~45 题: Read the following text and answer the questions by fin

根据下列材料，请回答41～45题：

Readthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionsbyfindinginformationfromtheleftcolumnthatcorrespondstoeachofthemarkeddetailsgivenintherightcolumn.Therearetwoextr achoicesintherightcolumn.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEERT1.（10points）

“Universalhistory,thehistoryofwhatmanhasaccomplishedinthisworld,isatbottomtheHistoryoftheGreatMenwhohaveworkedhere,”wrotetheVictoriansageThomasCarlyle.Well,notanymoreitisnot.

Suddenly,Britainlookstohavefallenoutwithitsfavouritehistoricalform.Thiscouldbenomorethanapassingliterarycraze,butitalsopointstoabroadertr uthabouthowwenowapproachthepast:lessconcernedwithlearningfromforefathersandmoreinterestedinfeelingtheirpain.Today,wewantempathy,notinspiration.

Fromtheearliestd aysoftheRenaissance,thewritingofhistorymeantr ecountingtheexemplarylivesofgreatmen.In1337,Petr archbeganworkonhisramblingwritingDeVirisIllustr ibus-OnFamousMen,highlightingthevirtus（orvirtue）ofclassicalheroes.Petr archcelebratedtheirgreatnessinconqueringfortuneandrisingtothetop.Thiswasthebiographicaltr aditionwhichNiccoloMachiavelliturnedonitshead.InThePrince,thechampionedcunning,ruthlessness,andboldness,ratherthanvirtue,mercyandjustice,astheskillsofsuccessfulleaders.

Overtime,theattr ibutesofgreatnessshifted.TheRomanticscommemoratedtheleadingpaintersandauthorsoftheirday,str essingtheuniquenessoftheartist'spersonalexperienceratherthanpublicglory.Bycontr ast,theVictorianauthorSamualSmileswroteSelf-Helpasacatalogueoftheworthylivesofengineers,industr ialistsandexplores."Thevaluableexampleswhichtheyfurnishofthepowerofself-help,ifpatientpurpose,resoluteworkingandsteadfastintegrity,issuingintheformulationoftr ulynobleandmanycharacter,exhibit,"wroteSmiles."whatitisinthepowerofeachtoaccomplishforhimself"HisbiographiesofJamesWalt,RichardArkwrightandJosiahWedgwoodwereheldupasbeaconstoguidetheworkingmanthroughhisdifficultlife.

ThiswasallabitbourgeoisforThomasCarlyle,whofocusedhisbiographiesonthetr ulyheroiclivesofMartinLuther,OliverCromwellandNapoleonBonaparte.Theseepochalfiguresrepresentedliveshardtoimitate,buttobeacknowledgedaspossessinghigherauthoritythanmeremorals.

CommunistManifesto.Forthem,historydidnothing,itpossessednoimmensewealthnorwagedbattles:“Itisman,real,livingmanwhodoesallthat.”Andhistoryshouldbethestoryofthemassesandtheirrecordofstr uggle.Assuch,itneededtoappreciatetheeconomicrealities,thesocialcontextsandpowerrelationsinwhicheachepochstood.For:“Menmaketheirownhistory,buttheydonotmakeitjustastheyplease;theydonotmakeitundercircumstanceschosenbythemselves,butundercircumstancesdirectlyfound,givenandtr ansmittedfromthepast.”

Thiswasthetr aditionwhichrevolutionizedourappreciationofthepast.InplaceofThomasCarlyle,BritainnurturedChristopherHill,EPThompsonandEricHobsbawm.Historyfrombelowstoodalongsidebiographiesofgreatmen.Wholenewrealmsofunderstanding-fromgendertoracetoculturalstudies-wereopenedupasscholarsunpickedthemultiplicityoflostsocieties.Andittr ansformedpublichistorytoo:downstairsbecamejustasfascinatingasupstairs.

[A]emphasizedthevirtueof

classicalheroes.41.Petr arch[B]highlightedthepublicgloryof

theleadingartists.42.NiccoloMachiavellli[C]focusedonepochalfigureswhose

liveswerehardtoimitate.43.SamuelSmiles[D]openedupnewrealmsofunderstanding

thegreatmeninhistory.44.ThomasCarlyle[E]heldthathistoryshouldbethestory

ofthemassesandtheirrecordofstr uggle.45.MarxandEngels[F]dismissedvirtueasunnecessaryfor

successfulleaders.[G]depictedtheworthylivesofengineer

industr ialistsandexplorers.

第41题请在（41）处填上最佳答案。