PartC
Directions:Readthenfollowingtextcarefullyandthentr anslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Yourtr anslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEETⅡ.(10points)
Lawsofnatureareoftwobasicforms:(1)alawisUniversalifitstatesthatsomeconditions,sofarasareknown,in-variablyarefoundtogetherwithcertainotherconditions;and(2)alawisprobabilisticifitaffirmsthat,ontheaverage,astatedfractionofcasesdisplayingagivenconditionwilldisplayacertainotherconditionaswell.Ineithercase,alawmaybevalideventhoughitobtainsonlyunderspecialcircumstancesorasaconvenientapproximation.
46)Moreover,alawofnaturehasnologicalnecessity;rather,itr estsdirectlyorindirectlyupontheevidenceofexperience.Lawsofuniversalform.mustbedistinguishedfromgeneralizations,suchas"Allchairsinthisofficearegray,"whichappeartobeaccidental.Generalizations,forexample,cannotsupportcounterfactualconditionalstatementssuchas"Ifthischairhadbeeninmyoffice,itwouldbegray"norsubjunctiveconditionalssuchas"Ifthischairwereputinmyoffice,itwouldbegray."Ontheotherhand,thestatement"Allplanetaryobjectsmoveinnearlyellipticalpathsabouttheirstar"doesprovidethissupport.Allscientificlawsappeartogivesimilarresults.
47)Theclassofuniversalstatementsthatcanbecandidatesforthestatusoflaws,however,isdeterminedatanytimeinhistory,bythetheoriesofsciencecurrentthen.
Severalpositiveattr ibutesarecommonlyrequiredofanaturallaw.Statementsaboutthingsoreventslimitedtoonelocationoronedatecannotbelawlike.Also,mostscientistsholdthatthepredicatemustapplytoevidencenotusedindeft-ringthelaw:thoughthelawisfoundeduponexperience,itmustpredictorhelponetounderstandmattersnotincludedamongtheseexperiences.Finally,itisnormallyexpectedthatolawwillbeexplainablebymoreembracinglawsorbysometheory.
48)Thustaregularityforwhichtherearegeneraltheoreticalgroundsforexpectingitwillbemorereadilycalledanaturallawthananempiricalregularitythatcannotbesubsumedundermoregenerallawsortheories.
Universallawsareofseveraltypes.49)Manyassertadependencebetweenvaryingquantitiesmeasuringcertainproperties,asinthelawthatthepressureofagasundersteadytemperatureisinverselyproportionaltoitsvolnme.
Othersstatethateventsoccurinaninvariantorder,asin"Vertebratesalwaysoccurinthefossilrecordaftertheriseofinvertebrates."Lastly,therearelawsaffirmingthatifanobjectisofastatedsortitwillhavecertainobservableproperties.50)Partofthereasonfortheambiguityofthetermlawofnatureliesinthetemptationtoapplythetermonlytostatementsofoneofthesesortsoflaws,asintheclaimthatsciencedealssolelywithcauseandeffectr elationships,wheninfactallthreekindsareequallyvalid.
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正确答案：[参考译文]而且，一条自然法则不存在逻辑上的必然，而是直接或间接地依赖于来自经验的证据。
[翻译技巧]转折句的翻译。
[翻译点评)本句中有两个连词moreover和rather需要注意，弄清这两词的意思，句子的翻译就迎刃而解了。Moreover是递进词，可翻译成“而且”．rather表转折，可翻译成“而是”。
