1.多线程创建
- (1) 创建一个thread,并传入一个方法;
#include#include using namespace std; void HelloWorld() { cout << "Hello, World!" << endl; } int main() { thread th(HelloWorld); th.join(); return 0; }
2.多线程传参
- (1) 创建一个thread,传入一个函数指针,及需要传入函数的参数;
- (2) 创建一个thread,传入一个函数对象,及需要传入函数对象的参数;
- (3) 创建一个thread,传入一个lambda表达式,及需要传入lambda表达式的参数;
#include这里需要注意,传入的参数是引用形式,需要使用std::ref,并且可以通过this_thread::get_id()方法获取当前线程id,如:#include using namespace std; // 1.传入一个函数指针 void Func(int x) { for (int i = 0; i < x; ++i) { cout << "线程使用函数指针传参." << endl; } } // 2.传入一个函数对象 class FuncObj { public: void operator()(int x) { for (int i = 0; i < x; ++i) { cout << "线程使用函数对象传参." << endl; } } }; int main() { thread th1(Func, 3); thread th2(FuncObj(), 3); // 3.传入一个lambda函数 auto lambdaF = [](int x) { for (int i = 0; i < x; ++i) { cout << "线程使用Lambda函数传参." << endl; } }; thread th3(lambdaF, 3); th1.join(); th2.join(); th3.join(); return 0; }
#include#include using namespace std; void func(int& result) { std::cout << "Func thread ID: " << this_thread::get_id() << endl; int res = 0; for (int i = 0; i < 100; ++i) { res += i; } result = res; } int main() { int result = 0; thread th(func, std::ref(result)); th.join(); std::cout << "Main thread ID: " << this_thread::get_id() << endl; cout << result << endl; return 0; }
3.多线程lambda函数捕获
- (1) lambda表达式分为两个部分,第一个部分为catch捕获的外部变量对应[],第二个部分为传入的参数列表对应(),如:
#include#include using namespace std; int main() { string str = "test"; auto f = [&str](int a, int b) { cout << str << endl; cout << a + b << endl; }; f(1, 2); return 0; }
- (2) 将lambda表达式作为thread传参:
#include#include #include using namespace std; int main() { string str = "test"; thread func = thread([&str](int a, int b) { cout << str << endl; cout << a + b << endl; }, 1, 2); func.join(); return 0; }
- 这里局部变量str传入线程,需要用捕获的方式,否则需要将其定义为全局变量才可以:
#include#include #include using namespace std; string str = "test"; int main() { thread func = thread([](int a, int b) { cout << str << endl; cout << a + b << endl; }, 1, 2); func.join(); return 0; }
4.多线程加速
- (1) 任务切割:将一个任务切割成多个子任务;
- (2) 多线程加速:每个子任务开一个线程执行,从而实现加速的目的;
#include#include #include using namespace std; using namespace std::chrono; template void Measure(T&& func) { auto start = system_clock::now(); func(); duration diff = system_clock::now() - start; cout << "TimeCost: " << diff.count() << " seconds." << endl; } void Sum(long start, long end, long& ans) { long s = 0; for (long i = start; i < end; ++i) { s += i; } ans = s; } const long S = 100000000; int main() { Measure([]() { long ans1, ans2; thread t1 = thread(Sum, 0, S / 2, ref(ans1)); thread t2 = thread(Sum, S / 2, S, ref(ans2)); t1.join(); t2.join(); cout << "Ref Answer: " << (ans1 + ans2) << endl; }); Measure([]() { long ans; Sum(0, S, ans); cout << "Normal Answer: " << ans << endl; }); return 0; }
- 注意,当任务计算量比较小时,线程创建和销毁比例就比较多,这个时候多线程达不到加速的目的,可以将程序中的S减小看看。
5.异步执行
- (1) async和future:async是异步执行的意思,返回值类型为future;
- (2) 获取值的时候,使用get()方法,等待当前线程执行完毕;
#include#include #include #include using namespace std; using namespace std::chrono; template void Measure(T&& func) { auto start = system_clock::now(); func(); duration diff = system_clock::now() - start; cout << "TimeCost: " << diff.count() << " seconds." << endl; } long Sum(long start, long end) { long s = 0; for (long i = start; i < end; ++i) { s += i; } return s; } const long S = 100000000; int main() { Measure([]() { const long K = 2; const long Step = S / K; vector > vf; vf.reserve(K); for (int i = 0; i < K; ++i) { vf.push_back(async( Sum, i == 0 ? 0 : Step * i, i == K - 1 ? S : Step * (i + 1)) ); } long ans = 0; for (int i = 0; i < K; ++i) { ans += vf[i].get(); } cout << "Async: " << ans << endl; }); Measure([]() { long ans = Sum(0, S); cout << "Normal Answer: " << ans << endl; }); return 0; }
6.锁问题
- (1) 多个线程对对同一个变量操作,会出现数据竞态问题;
- (2) 加锁的目的是为了保证同一个时刻,只有一个线程能够对变量进行操作;
#include参考资料#include #include #include #include using namespace std; using namespace std::chrono; mutex mtx; template void Measure(T&& func) { auto start = system_clock::now(); func(); duration diff = system_clock::now() - start; cout << "TimeCost: " << diff.count() << " seconds." << endl; } void Sum(int& s) { mtx.lock(); for (int i = 0; i < 1000000; ++i) { s++; } mtx.unlock(); } int main() { Measure([]() { vector vf; int s = 0; for (int i = 0; i < 4; ++i) { vf.emplace_back(Sum, std::ref(s)); } for (int i = 0; i < 4; ++i) { vf[i].join(); } cout << s << endl; }); return 0; }
C++多线程快速入门



