Linux实训项目——第十四章拓展：配置和管理Nginx服务器

WHAT WHY WHERe WHO + HOW

Nginx是什么？

链接

和Apache的区别？

链接1
链接2

Nginx默认目录及配置文件

参考1

[root@centos-a1 ~]# whereis nginx
nginx: /usr/sbin/nginx /usr/lib64/nginx /etc/nginx /usr/share/nginx /usr/share/man/man8/nginx.8.gz /usr/share/man/man3/nginx.3pm.gz
[root@centos-a1 ~]# rpm -qc nginx
/etc/logrotate.d/nginx
/etc/nginx/fastcgi.conf
/etc/nginx/fastcgi.conf.default
/etc/nginx/fastcgi_params
/etc/nginx/fastcgi_params.default
/etc/nginx/koi-utf
/etc/nginx/koi-win
/etc/nginx/mime.types
/etc/nginx/mime.types.default
/etc/nginx/nginx.conf
/etc/nginx/nginx.conf.default
/etc/nginx/scgi_params
/etc/nginx/scgi_params.default
/etc/nginx/uwsgi_params
/etc/nginx/uwsgi_params.default
/etc/nginx/win-utf

说明：

nginx配置文件目录：/etc/nginx/
PID目录：/var/run/nginx.pid
错误日志：/var/log/nginx/error.log
访问日志：/var/log/nginx/access.log
默认站点目录：/usr/share/nginx/html
主配置文件路径：/etc/nginx/nginx.conf
nginx的手册和帮助文件：/usr/share/
nginx服务启动管理的终端命令：/usr/sbin/nginx
ngxin-debug主要用于nginx 启动 debug 模式的一个命令：/usr/sbin/nginx-debug
nginx 模块目录：/usr/lib64/nginx/modules/

一、Nginx服务器特点

链接1
正向代理与反向代理：通俗易懂（不严谨）

1、Nginx是一款轻量级Web服务器，反向代理服务器
2、Nginx内存占用少，启动快，在互联网项目中广泛应用
3、Nginx专为性能优化而开发，高稳定、高性能、高效率，功能丰富，模块化结构，支持热部署，支持5w个并发连接数
4、Nginx直接支持Rails和PHP的程序，可作为负载均衡服务器以及邮件代理服务器，可帮助实现前端动静分离
5、正向代理和反向代理图例：

二、配置与管理Nginx服务器：

参考1
参考2

1、服务端安装epel-release以及nginx两个软件包，启动nginx服务并设置开机自启，检察服务正常及浏览默认页

[root@centos-a1 ~]# yum install nginx -y
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
Determining fastest mirrors
 * base: mirrors.aliyun.com
 * extras: mirrors.njupt.edu.cn
 * updates: mirrors.aliyun.com
base                                                                    | 3.6 kB  00:00:00     
extras                                                                  | 2.9 kB  00:00:00     
updates                                                                 | 2.9 kB  00:00:00     
updates/7/x86_64/primary_db                                             |  16 MB  00:00:21     
No package nginx available.		----->报错
Error: Nothing to do

出现这个的原因是因为本地yum源中没有我们想要的nginx
参考1
解决方法之一：可以借助额外的第三方软件库epel拓展

EPEL（Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux），企业版Linux额外包，RHEL分布⾮标准包的社区类库

参考2

[root@centos-a1 ~]# yum install epel-release -y
[root@centos-a1 ~]# yum install nginx -y
`再次安装，就会发现yum源从epel库下载nginx`

`自启动，启动后可以通过IP地址或者域名访问`
[root@centos-a1 ~]# systemctl start nginx
[root@centos-a1 ~]# systemctl enable nginx
Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/nginx.service to /usr/lib/systemd/system/nginx.service.
`检查服务`
[root@centos-a1 ~]# systemctl status nginx
● nginx.service - The nginx HTTP and reverse proxy server
   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/nginx.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled)
   Active: active (running) since Thu 2022-06-09 15:41:39 CST; 1min 27s ago
 Main PID: 57084 (nginx)
   CGroup: /system.slice/nginx.service
           ├─57084 nginx: master process /usr/sbin/nginx
           ├─57085 nginx: worker process
           └─57086 nginx: worker process

Jun 09 15:41:39 centos-a1 systemd[1]: Starting The nginx HTTP and reverse proxy server...
Jun 09 15:41:39 centos-a1 nginx[57079]: nginx: the configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.co... ok
Jun 09 15:41:39 centos-a1 nginx[57079]: nginx: configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf t...ful
Jun 09 15:41:39 centos-a1 systemd[1]: Started The nginx HTTP and reverse proxy server.
Hint: Some lines were ellipsized, use -l to show in full.
[root@centos-a1 ~]# ps -ef | grep nginx
root      57084      1  0 15:41 ?        00:00:00 nginx: master process /usr/sbin/nginx
nginx     57085  57084  0 15:41 ?        00:00:00 nginx: worker process
nginx     57086  57084  0 15:41 ?        00:00:00 nginx: worker process
root      57134  56732  0 15:43 pts/1    00:00:00 grep --color=auto nginx

2、配置主站和子站的主配文件及站点首页，测试浏览访问

参考

[root@centos7-a3 ~]# vim /etc/hosts
127.0.0.1   localhost localhost.localdomain localhost4 localhost4.localdomain4
::1         localhost localhost.localdomain localhost6 localhost6.localdomain6
192.168.111.21 www.mmnl.edu
[root@centos-a1 html]# vim /etc/nginx/nginx.conf

server {         listen       80;         listen       [::]:80;         server_name  _;         root         /usr/share/nginx/html;          # Load configuration files for the default server block.         include /etc/nginx/default.d/*.conf;          error_page 404 /404.html;         location = /404.html {         }          error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html;         location = /50x.html {         }     } 查看主配文件可知主站目录存放于/usr/share/nginx/html;
[root@centos-a1 html]# cd /usr/share/nginx
[root@centos-a1 nginx]# ll
total 0
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 136 Jun  9 15:40 html
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root   6 Oct 19  2021 modules
[root@centos-a1 nginx]# cd html/
[root@centos-a1 html]# ll
total 12
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 3650 Oct 19  2021 404.html
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 3693 Oct 19  2021 50x.html
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root   20 Jun  9 15:40 en-US -> ../../doc/HTML/en-US
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root   27 Jun  9 15:40 icons
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root   18 Jun  9 15:40 img -> ../../doc/HTML/img
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root   25 Jun  9 15:40 index.html -> ../../doc/HTML/index.html
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root  368 Oct 19  2021 nginx-logo.png
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root   14 Jun  9 15:40 poweredby.png -> nginx-logo.png
[root@centos-a1 html]# mv index.html index.html.bz
[root@centos-a1 html]# vim index.html
nginx home page
 
[root@centos7-a3 ~]# vim /etc/hosts
127.0.0.1   localhost localhost.localdomain localhost4 localhost4.localdomain4
::1         localhost localhost.localdomain localhost6 localhost6.localdomain6
192.168.111.21 tea.mmnl.edu
192.168.111.21 www.mmnl.edu
[root@centos-a1 ~]# cd /etc/nginx
[root@centos-a1 nginx]# vim nginx.conf
36     include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf;
 37 
 38     server {
 39         listen       80;
 40         listen       [::]:80;
 41         server_name  www.mmnl.edu;
 42         root         /usr/share/nginx/html;
 43 
 44         # Load configuration files for the default server block.
 45         include /etc/nginx/default.d/*.conf;
 46 
 47         error_page 404 /404.html;
 48         location = /404.html {
 49         }
 50 
 51         error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html;
 52         location = /50x.html {
 53         }
 54     }
 55 
 56     server {
 57         listen       80;
 58         listen       [::]:80;
 59         server_name  tea.mmnl.edu;
 60         root         /usr/share/nginx/tea;
 61 
 62         # Load configuration files for the default server block.
 63         include /etc/nginx/default.d/*.conf;
 64 
 65         error_page 404 /404.html;
 66         location = /404.html {
 67         }
 68 
 69         error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html;
 70         location = /50x.html {
 71         }
 72     }
 73
[root@centos-a1 nginx]# cd /usr/share/nginx/
[root@centos-a1 nginx]# ll
total 0
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 157 Jun  9 16:31 html
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root   6 Oct 19  2021 modules
[root@centos-a1 nginx]# mkdir tea
[root@centos-a1 nginx]# echo "tea home page" > /usr/share/nginx/tea/index.html
[root@centos-a1 nginx]# cat /usr/share/nginx/tea/index.html
tea home page
[root@centos-a1 nginx]# systemctl restart nginx

3、配置主站的反向代理，指向子站目标服务器，测试浏览访问

[root@centos-a1 nginx]# vim /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
38     server {
 39         listen       80;
 40         listen       [::]:80;
 41         server_name  www.mmnl.edu;
 42         root         /usr/share/nginx/html;
 43 
 44         # Load configuration files for the default server block.
 45         include /etc/nginx/default.d/*.conf;
 46 
 47         location / {
 48         root    html;
 49         proxy_pass http://tea.mmnl.edu;
 50         index index.html index.htm;
 51         }
 52 
 53         error_page 404 /404.html;
 54         location = /404.html {
 55         }
 56 
 57         error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html;
 58         location = /50x.html {
 59         }
 60     }
[root@centos-a1 nginx]# nginx -t
nginx: [emerg] host not found in upstream "tea.mmnl.edu" in /etc/nginx/nginx.conf:81
nginx: configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf test failed
`报错是因为代理返回的https://tea.mmnl.edu是外网的域名，无法访问
所以我们需要把tea.mmnl.edu指向本地服务器`
[root@centos-a1 nginx]# vim /etc/hosts
127.0.0.1   localhost localhost.localdomain localhost4 localhost4.localdomain4
::1         localhost localhost.localdomain localhost6 localhost6.localdomain6
127.0.0.1 tea.mmnl.edu
`再次检查，无误`
[root@centos-a1 nginx]# nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf test is successful
[root@centos-a1 nginx]# systemctl restart nginx
`使用客户端访问主站，成功指向子站`

4、分别配置基于主机、端口、域名的虚拟主机，测试确认

参考

`单网卡多IP的方式`
[root@centos-a1 nginx]# ip addr add 192.168.111.101 dev ens33
[root@centos-a1 nginx]# ip addr add 192.168.111.102 dev ens33
[root@centos-a1 nginx]# ip addr
1: lo:  mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
    inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 ::1/128 scope host 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: ens33:  mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:69:52:ae brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 192.168.111.21/24 brd 192.168.111.255 scope global noprefixroute ens33
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet 192.168.111.101/32 scope global ens33
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet 192.168.111.102/32 scope global ens33
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 fe80::4202:5ba2:2c88:691f/64 scope link noprefixroute 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
3: ens37:  mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:69:52:b8 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 192.168.1.1/24 brd 192.168.1.255 scope global noprefixroute ens37
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 fe80::f5cc:342b:2e2b:4824/64 scope link noprefixroute 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
4: virbr0:  mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state DOWN group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 52:54:00:06:05:6b brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 192.168.122.1/24 brd 192.168.122.255 scope global virbr0
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
5: virbr0-nic:  mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast master virbr0 state DOWN group default qlen 1000
link/ether 52:54:00:06:05:6b brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
[root@centos-a1 nginx]# cd /usr/share/nginx/
[root@centos-a1 nginx]# ll
total 0
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 157 Jun  9 16:31 html
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root   6 Oct 19  2021 modules
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root  24 Jun  9 17:16 tea
[root@centos-a1 nginx]# mkdir ip1 ip2
[root@centos-a1 nginx]# echo "ip1 home page" > /usr/share/nginx/ip1/index.html
[root@centos-a1 nginx]# echo "ip2 home page" > /usr/share/nginx/ip2/index.html
[root@centos-a1 nginx]# cat /usr/share/nginx/ip1/index.html
ip1 home page
[root@centos-a1 nginx]# vim /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
    server {
        listen       192.168.111.101:80;
        server_name  ip1.mmnl.edu;
        root         /usr/share/nginx/ip1;
    }


    server {
        listen       192.168.111.102:80;
        server_name  ip2.mmnl.edu;
        root         /usr/share/nginx/ip2;
}
[root@centos-a1 nginx]# nginx -t
nginx: [warn] conflicting server name "www.mmnl.edu" on 0.0.0.0:80, ignored
nginx: the configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf test is successful
[root@centos-a1 nginx]# systemctl restart nginx
[root@centos7-a3 ~]# vim /etc/hosts
127.0.0.1   localhost localhost.localdomain localhost4 localhost4.localdomain4
::1         localhost localhost.localdomain localhost6 localhost6.localdomain6
192.168.111.21 www.mmnl.edu
192.168.111.101 ip1.mmnl.edu
192.168.111.102 ip2.mmnl.edu

`基于端口的虚拟主机`
[root@centos-a1 nginx]# vim /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
   server {
       listen       81;
       server_name  ip1.mmnl.edu;
       root         /usr/share/nginx/port1;
   }


   server {
       listen       82;
       server_name  ip2.mmnl.edu;
       root         /usr/share/nginx/port2;
}
[root@centos-a1 nginx]# mkdir -p /usr/share/nginx/port1
[root@centos-a1 nginx]# mkdir -p /usr/share/nginx/port2
[root@centos-a1 nginx]# echo "port1 home page" > /usr/share/nginx/port1/index.html
[root@centos-a1 nginx]# echo "port2 home page" > /usr/share/nginx/port2/index.html
[root@centos-a1 nginx]# cat /usr/share/nginx/port1/index.html
port1 home page
[root@centos-a1 nginx]# systemctl restart nginx
[root@centos7-a3 ~]# vim /etc/hosts
127.0.0.1   localhost localhost.localdomain localhost4 localhost4.localdomain4
::1         localhost localhost.localdomain localhost6 localhost6.localdomain6
192.168.111.21 www.mmnl.edu
www.mmnl.edu:81 ip1.mmnl.edu
www.mmnl.edu:82 ip2.mmnl.edu

`基于域名的虚拟主机`
   server {
       listen       80;
       server_name  tea.mmnl.edu;
       root         /usr/share/nginx/tea;
   }


   server {
       listen       80;
       server_name  stu.mmnl.edu;
       root         /usr/share/nginx/stu;
}
[root@centos-a1 nginx]# systemctl restart nginx
[root@centos-a1 nginx]# mkdir -p /usr/share/nginx/tea
[root@centos-a1 nginx]# mkdir -p /usr/share/nginx/stu
[root@centos-a1 nginx]# echo "tea home page" > /usr/share/nginx/tea/index.html
[root@centos-a1 nginx]# echo "stu home page" > /usr/share/nginx/stu/index.html
[root@centos-a1 nginx]# cat /usr/share/nginx/tea/index.html 
tea home page
[root@centos7-a3 ~]# vim /etc/hosts
 1 127.0.0.1   localhost localhost.localdomain localhost4 localhost4.localdomain4
 2 ::1         localhost localhost.localdomain localhost6 localhost6.localdomain6
 3 192.168.111.21 www.mmnl.edu
 4 www.mmnl.edu:81 ip1.mmnl.edu
 5 www.mmnl.edu:82 ip2.mmnl.edu
 6 192.168.111.21 tea.mmnl.edu
 7 192.168.111.21 stu.mmnl.edu

5、配置证书https访问主站，配置http自动跳转https，测试确认

参考

[root@centos-a1 ssl]# openssl genrsa -out server.key 1024
Generating RSA private key, 1024 bit long modulus
.......++++++
........++++++
e is 65537 (0x10001)
[root@centos-a1 ssl]# openssl rsa -in server.key -pubout -out server.pem
writing RSA key
[root@centos-a1 ssl]# openssl genrsa -out ca.key 1024
Generating RSA private key, 1024 bit long modulus
................++++++
..............................................++++++
e is 65537 (0x10001)
[root@centos-a1 ssl]# openssl genrsa -out client.key 1024
Generating RSA private key, 1024 bit long modulus
.............................++++++
.++++++
e is 65537 (0x10001)
[root@centos-a1 ssl]# openssl genrsa -out ca.key 1024
Generating RSA private key, 1024 bit long modulus
................++++++
..............................................++++++
e is 65537 (0x10001)
[root@centos-a1 ssl]# openssl req -new -key ca.key -out ca.csr
You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated
into your certificate request.
What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.
There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank
For some fields there will be a default value,
If you enter '.', the field will be left blank.
-----
Country Name (2 letter code) [XX]:cn
State or Province Name (full name) []:beijing
Locality Name (eg, city) [Default City]:chaoyang
Organization Name (eg, company) [Default Company Ltd]:hl95_ca
Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:hl95_sms_ca
Common Name (eg, your name or your server's hostname) []:192.168.111.21
Email Address []:

Please enter the following 'extra' attributes
to be sent with your certificate request
A challenge password []:123456
An optional company name []:192.168.111.21
[root@centos-a1 ssl]# openssl x509 -req -in ca.csr -signkey ca.key -out ca.crt
Signature ok
subject=/C=cn/ST=beijing/L=chaoyang/O=hl95_ca/OU=hl95_sms_ca/CN=192.168.111.21
Getting Private key
[root@centos-a1 ssl]# openssl req -new -key server.key -out server.csr
You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated
into your certificate request.
What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.
There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank
For some fields there will be a default value,
If you enter '.', the field will be left blank.
-----
Country Name (2 letter code) [XX]:cn
State or Province Name (full name) []:beijing
Locality Name (eg, city) [Default City]:chaoyang
Organization Name (eg, company) [Default Company Ltd]:hl95_server
Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:hl95_sms_server
Common Name (eg, your name or your server's hostname) []:192.168.111.21
Email Address []:

Please enter the following 'extra' attributes
to be sent with your certificate request
A challenge password []:123456
An optional company name []:192.168.111.21
[root@centos-a1 ssl]# openssl req -new -key client.key -out client.csr 
You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated
into your certificate request.
What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.
There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank
For some fields there will be a default value,
If you enter '.', the field will be left blank.
-----
Country Name (2 letter code) [XX]:cn
State or Province Name (full name) []:beijing
Locality Name (eg, city) [Default City]:chaoyang
Organization Name (eg, company) [Default Company Ltd]:hl95_client
Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:hl95_sms_client
Common Name (eg, your name or your server's hostname) []:192.168.111.21
Email Address []:

Please enter the following 'extra' attributes
to be sent with your certificate request
A challenge password []:123456
An optional company name []:192.168.111.21
[root@centos-a1 ssl]# openssl x509 -req -CA ca.crt -CAkey ca.key -CAcreateserial -in server.csr -out server.crt
Signature ok
subject=/C=cn/ST=beijing/L=chaoyang/O=hl95_server/OU=hl95_sms_server/CN=192.168.111.21
Getting CA Private Key
[root@centos-a1 ssl]# openssl x509 -req -CA ca.crt -CAkey ca.key -CAcreateserial -in client.csr -out client.crt
Signature ok
subject=/C=cn/ST=beijing/L=chaoyang/O=hl95_client/OU=hl95_sms_client/CN=192.168.111.21
Getting CA Private Key
[root@centos-a1 ssl]# ll
total 48
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 879 Jun  9 23:49 ca.crt
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 741 Jun  9 23:48 ca.csr
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 887 Jun  9 23:46 ca.key
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root  17 Jun  9 23:52 ca.srl
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 891 Jun  9 23:52 client.crt
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 749 Jun  9 23:51 client.csr
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 891 Jun  9 23:46 client.key
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 272 Jun  9 23:46 client.pem
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 891 Jun  9 23:52 server.crt
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 749 Jun  9 23:50 server.csr
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 887 Jun  9 23:45 server.key
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 272 Jun  9 23:45 server.pem
[root@centos-a1 ssl]# openssl rsa -in server.key -out server_nginx.key
writing RSA key
[root@centos-a1 ssl]# openssl x509 -req -days 3650 -in server.csr -signkey server_nginx.key -out server_nginx.crt
Signature ok
subject=/C=cn/ST=beijing/L=chaoyang/O=hl95_server/OU=hl95_sms_server/CN=192.168.111.21
Getting Private key

38     server {
 39         listen       8061 ssl;
 40         server_name  web.mmnl.edu;
 41 
 42         ssl_certificate      /usr/share/nginx/ssl/server_nginx.crt;
 43         ssl_certificate_key  /usr/share/nginx/ssl/server_nginx.key;
 44 
 45         ssl_session_cache    shared:SSL:1m;
 46         ssl_session_timeout  5m;
 47 
 48         ssl_ciphers  ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE:ECDH:AES:HIGH:!NULL:!aNULL:!MD5:!ADH:!RC4;
 49         ssl_protocols TLSv1 TLSv1.1 TLSv1.2;
 50         ssl_prefer_server_ciphers  on;
 51 
 52         location / {
 53 
 54             proxy_pass  http://web.mmnl.edu;
 55             proxy_set_header host $host;
 56             proxy_set_header X-real-ip $remote_addr;
 57             proxy_set_header X-forwarded-for $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
 58 
 59         }
 60     }

[root@centos-a1 nginx]# nginx -t
nginx: [emerg] host not found in upstream "web.mmnl.edu" in /etc/nginx/nginx.conf:54
nginx: configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf test failed
[root@centos-a1 nginx]# vim /etc/hosts
127.0.0.1   localhost localhost.localdomain localhost4 localhost4.localdomain4
::1         localhost localhost.localdomain localhost6 localhost6.localdomain6
127.0.0.1 tea.mmnl.edu
127.0.0.1 web.mmnl.edu
[root@centos-a1 nginx]# nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf test is successful
[root@centos-a1 nginx]# systemctl restart nginx

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