【Python人工智能】Python全栈体系（十四）

• 加载数据集
• 特征分析
• 打乱数据集，测试集、训练集划分
• 使用训练集训练回归模型
• 使用测试集测试回归模型的性能

import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# 加载数据集
import sklearn.datasets as sd
boston = sd.load_boston()
boston.keys()
"""
dict_keys(['data', 'target', 'feature_names', 'DESCR', 'filename', 'data_module'])
"""

print(boston.DESCR) # 数据的描述：506个样本数量，13个属性（连续型和离散型）
"""
.. _boston_dataset:

Boston house prices dataset
---------------------------

**Data Set Characteristics:**  

    :Number of Instances: 506 

    :Number of Attributes: 13 numeric/categorical predictive. Median Value (attribute 14) is usually the target.

    :Attribute Information (in order):
        - CRIM     per capita crime rate by town（犯罪率）
        - ZN       proportion of residential land zoned for lots over 25,000 sq.ft.（住宅用地比例）
        - INDUS    proportion of non-retail business acres per town（商业用地比例）
        - CHAS     Charles River dummy variable (= 1 if tract bounds river; 0 otherwise)（CHAS河，靠河为1，否则为0）
        - NOX      nitric oxides concentration (parts per 10 million)（一氧化氮空气质量）
        - RM       average number of rooms per dwelling（房间的平均数量）
        - AGE      proportion of owner-occupied units built prior to 1940（房屋年龄）
        - DIS      weighted distances to five Boston employment centres（房屋距离市中心的距离）
        - RAD      index of accessibility to radial highways（路网密度）
        - TAX      full-value property-tax rate per $10,000（房产税）
        - PTRATIO  pupil-teacher ratio by town（师生比）
        - B        1000(Bk - 0.63)^2 where Bk is the proportion of black people by town（黑人比例）
        - LSTAT    % lower status of the population（低地位人口比例）
        - MEDV     Median value of owner-occupied homes in $1000's（房屋价格，单位1000$）

    :Missing Attribute Values: None

    :Creator: Harrison, D. and Rubinfeld, D.L.

This is a copy of UCI ML housing dataset.
https://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/machine-learning-databases/housing/


This dataset was taken from the StatLib library which is maintained at Carnegie Mellon University.

The Boston house-price data of Harrison, D. and Rubinfeld, D.L. 'Hedonic
prices and the demand for clean air', J. Environ. Economics & Management,
vol.5, 81-102, 1978.   Used in Belsley, Kuh & Welsch, 'Regression diagnostics
...', Wiley, 1980.   N.B. Various transformations are used in the table on
pages 244-261 of the latter.

The Boston house-price data has been used in many machine learning papers that address regression
problems.   
     
.. topic:: References

   - Belsley, Kuh & Welsch, 'Regression diagnostics: Identifying Influential Data and Sources of Collinearity', Wiley, 1980. 244-261.
   - Quinlan,R. (1993). Combining Instance-Based and Model-Based Learning. In Proceedings on the Tenth International Conference of Machine Learning, 236-243, University of Massachusetts, Amherst. Morgan Kaufmann.
"""

boston.data # 二维数组 具体的样本数据
"""
array([[6.3200e-03, 1.8000e+01, 2.3100e+00, ..., 1.5300e+01, 3.9690e+02,
        4.9800e+00],
       [2.7310e-02, 0.0000e+00, 7.0700e+00, ..., 1.7800e+01, 3.9690e+02,
        9.1400e+00],
       [2.7290e-02, 0.0000e+00, 7.0700e+00, ..., 1.7800e+01, 3.9283e+02,
        4.0300e+00],
       ...,
       [6.0760e-02, 0.0000e+00, 1.1930e+01, ..., 2.1000e+01, 3.9690e+02,
        5.6400e+00],
       [1.0959e-01, 0.0000e+00, 1.1930e+01, ..., 2.1000e+01, 3.9345e+02,
        6.4800e+00],
       [4.7410e-02, 0.0000e+00, 1.1930e+01, ..., 2.1000e+01, 3.9690e+02,
        7.8800e+00]])
"""

boston.data.shape # 506行，13列
"""
(506, 13)
"""

boston.target # 506个元素的一维数组 每个样本对应的房屋价格
"""
array([24. , 21.6, 34.7, 33.4, 36.2, 28.7, 22.9, 27.1, 16.5, 18.9, 15. ,
        18.9, 21.7, 20.4, 18.2, 19.9, 23.1, 17.5, 20.2, 18.2, 13.6, 19.6,
        15.2, 14.5, 15.6, 13.9, 16.6, 14.8, 18.4, 21. , 12.7, 14.5, 13.2,
        13.1, 13.5, 18.9, 20. , 21. , 24.7, 30.8, 34.9, 26.6, 25.3, 24.7,
        21.2, 19.3, 20. , 16.6, 14.4, 19.4, 19.7, 20.5, 25. , 23.4, 18.9,
        35.4, 24.7, 31.6, 23.3, 19.6, 18.7, 16. , 22.2, 25. , 33. , 23.5,
        19.4, 22. , 17.4, 20.9, 24.2, 21.7, 22.8, 23.4, 24.1, 21.4, 20. ,
        20.8, 21.2, 20.3, 28. , 23.9, 24.8, 22.9, 23.9, 26.6, 22.5, 22.2,
        23.6, 28.7, 22.6, 22. , 22.9, 25. , 20.6, 28.4, 21.4, 38.7, 43.8,
        33.2, 27.5, 26.5, 18.6, 19.3, 20.1, 19.5, 19.5, 20.4, 19.8, 19.4,
        21.7, 22.8, 18.8, 18.7, 18.5, 18.3, 21.2, 19.2, 20.4, 19.3, 22. ,
        20.3, 20.5, 17.3, 18.8, 21.4, 15.7, 16.2, 18. , 14.3, 19.2, 19.6,
        23. , 18.4, 15.6, 18.1, 17.4, 17.1, 13.3, 17.8, 14. , 14.4, 13.4,
        15.6, 11.8, 13.8, 15.6, 14.6, 17.8, 15.4, 21.5, 19.6, 15.3, 19.4,
        17. , 15.6, 13.1, 41.3, 24.3, 23.3, 27. , 50. , 50. , 50. , 22.7,
        25. , 50. , 23.8, 23.8, 22.3, 17.4, 19.1, 23.1, 23.6, 22.6, 29.4,
        23.2, 24.6, 29.9, 37.2, 39.8, 36.2, 37.9, 32.5, 26.4, 29.6, 50. ,
        32. , 29.8, 34.9, 37. , 30.5, 36.4, 31.1, 29.1, 50. , 33.3, 30.3,
        34.6, 34.9, 32.9, 24.1, 42.3, 48.5, 50. , 22.6, 24.4, 22.5, 24.4,
        20. , 21.7, 19.3, 22.4, 28.1, 23.7, 25. , 23.3, 28.7, 21.5, 23. ,
        26.7, 21.7, 27.5, 30.1, 44.8, 50. , 37.6, 31.6, 46.7, 31.5, 24.3,
        31.7, 41.7, 48.3, 29. , 24. , 25.1, 31.5, 23.7, 23.3, 22. , 20.1,
        22.2, 23.7, 17.6, 18.5, 24.3, 20.5, 24.5, 26.2, 24.4, 24.8, 29.6,
        42.8, 21.9, 20.9, 44. , 50. , 36. , 30.1, 33.8, 43.1, 48.8, 31. ,
        36.5, 22.8, 30.7, 50. , 43.5, 20.7, 21.1, 25.2, 24.4, 35.2, 32.4,
        32. , 33.2, 33.1, 29.1, 35.1, 45.4, 35.4, 46. , 50. , 32.2, 22. ,
        20.1, 23.2, 22.3, 24.8, 28.5, 37.3, 27.9, 23.9, 21.7, 28.6, 27.1,
        20.3, 22.5, 29. , 24.8, 22. , 26.4, 33.1, 36.1, 28.4, 33.4, 28.2,
        22.8, 20.3, 16.1, 22.1, 19.4, 21.6, 23.8, 16.2, 17.8, 19.8, 23.1,
        21. , 23.8, 23.1, 20.4, 18.5, 25. , 24.6, 23. , 22.2, 19.3, 22.6,
        19.8, 17.1, 19.4, 22.2, 20.7, 21.1, 19.5, 18.5, 20.6, 19. , 18.7,
        32.7, 16.5, 23.9, 31.2, 17.5, 17.2, 23.1, 24.5, 26.6, 22.9, 24.1,
        18.6, 30.1, 18.2, 20.6, 17.8, 21.7, 22.7, 22.6, 25. , 19.9, 20.8,
        16.8, 21.9, 27.5, 21.9, 23.1, 50. , 50. , 50. , 50. , 50. , 13.8,
        13.8, 15. , 13.9, 13.3, 13.1, 10.2, 10.4, 10.9, 11.3, 12.3,  8.8,
         7.2, 10.5,  7.4, 10.2, 11.5, 15.1, 23.2,  9.7, 13.8, 12.7, 13.1,
        12.5,  8.5,  5. ,  6.3,  5.6,  7.2, 12.1,  8.3,  8.5,  5. , 11.9,
        27.9, 17.2, 27.5, 15. , 17.2, 17.9, 16.3,  7. ,  7.2,  7.5, 10.4,
         8.8,  8.4, 16.7, 14.2, 20.8, 13.4, 11.7,  8.3, 10.2, 10.9, 11. ,
         9.5, 14.5, 14.1, 16.1, 14.3, 11.7, 13.4,  9.6,  8.7,  8.4, 12.8,
        10.5, 17.1, 18.4, 15.4, 10.8, 11.8, 14.9, 12.6, 14.1, 13. , 13.4,
        15.2, 16.1, 17.8, 14.9, 14.1, 12.7, 13.5, 14.9, 20. , 16.4, 17.7,
        19.5, 20.2, 21.4, 19.9, 19. , 19.1, 19.1, 20.1, 19.9, 19.6, 23.2,
        29.8, 13.8, 13.3, 16.7, 12. , 14.6, 21.4, 23. , 23.7, 25. , 21.8,
        20.6, 21.2, 19.1, 20.6, 15.2,  7. ,  8.1, 13.6, 20.1, 21.8, 24.5,
        23.1, 19.7, 18.3, 21.2, 17.5, 16.8, 22.4, 20.6, 23.9, 22. , 11.9]))
"""

boston.target.shape
"""
(506,)
"""

boston.data[0], boston.target[0] # 具体的13列的数据，价格
"""
(array([6.320e-03, 1.800e+01, 2.310e+00, 0.000e+00, 5.380e-01, 6.575e+00,
        6.520e+01, 4.090e+00, 1.000e+00, 2.960e+02, 1.530e+01, 3.969e+02,
        4.980e+00]),
 24.0)
"""

# 把数据存入dataframe
data = pd.DataFrame(boston.data, columns=boston.feature_names) # 数据，特征名称
data['TARGET'] = boston.target
data

data.describe()

# 对某些字段进行简单的数据分析
data.pivot_table(index='CHAS', values=['TARGET']) # 靠河的均价更贵

"""

		TARGET
CHAS	
  0.0	22.093843
  1.0	28.440000
"""

# 如果想使用这组数据训练线性模型，则要先验证特征与输出之间的关系是否是线性关系
data.plot.scatter(x='RM', y='TARGET')

import sklearn.model_selection as ms
import sklearn.linear_model as lm
import sklearn.metrics as sm
# 整理输入集输出集，拆分测试集训练集
x, y = data.iloc[:, :-1], data['TARGET'] # 所有行，除了最后一列都要
# random_state: 随机种子 对同一组数据使用相同的随机种子划分数据集，得到的结果是一样的
train_x, test_x, train_y, test_y = ms.train_test_split(x, y, test_size=0.2, random_state=7) # 20%做测试
# 训练一个模型
model = lm.LinearRegression()
model.fit(train_x, train_y)
# 针对测试样本进行测试，评估
pred_test_y = model.predict(test_x)
print(sm.r2_score(test_y, pred_test_y))
"""
0.5785415472763427
"""