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名师互学网 > IT > 软件开发 > 后端开发 > Go语言

7天用Go从零实现Web框架Gee教程

Go语言 更新时间: 发布时间: IT归档 最新发布 模块sitemap 名妆网 法律咨询 聚返吧 英语巴士网 伯小乐 网商动力

7天用Go从零实现Web框架Gee教程

7天用Go从零实现Web框架Gee教程
  • 前言
  • Day0 序言
    • 设计一个框架
  • Day1 HTTP基础
    • 标准库启动web服务
    • 实现http.Handler接口
    • Gee框架的雏形
    • main.go和gee.go
    • 解析
    • 运行测试
  • Day2 上下文
    • 设计策略
    • 使用效果main.go
    • router.go context.go gee.go
    • 设计思想
      • context
      • router路由
      • gee框架入口
      • 总结
    • 测试
  • Day3 前缀树路由
    • 简介
    • 代码
    • 测试
  • Day4 分组控制
    • 何为分组,分组的意义
    • 设计分组
    • 代码
    • 测试
  • Day5 中间件
    • 中间件是什么
    • 中间件设计
    • 代码
    • 理解
    • 测试
  • web框架太难,优先级太低,以后有机会再学习

前言

本文学习自geektutu/7days-golang
在此基础上加入自己的学习历程与理解

Day0 序言 设计一个框架

设计框架之前,需要知道为什么要使用框架,框架能解决什么问题,只有明白了这一点,才能设计出框架中的功能

net/heep简单的处理请求示例

func main() {
    http.HandleFunc("/", handler)
    http.HandleFunc("/count", counter)
    log.Fatal(http.ListenAndServe("localhost:8000", nil))
}

func handler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
    fmt.Fprintf(w, "URL.Path = %qn", r.URL.Path)
}

net/http提供了基础的Web功能,即监听端口,映射静态路由,解析HTTP报文。一些Web开发中简单的需求并不支持,需要手工实现。

  • 动态路由:例如hello/:name,hello*"] Header["User-Agent"] = ["curl/7.54.0"]

    这里设置了2个路由,/和/hello,分配绑定indexHandler和helloHandler,根据不同的http请求会调用不同的处理函数。

    main 函数的最后一行,是用来启动 Web 服务的,第一个参数是地址,:9999表示在 9999 端口监听。而第二个参数则代表处理所有的HTTP请求的实例,nil 代表使用标准库中的实例处理。第二个参数,则是我们基于net/http标准库实现Web框架的入口。

    实现http.Handler接口
    package http
    
    type Handler interface {
        ServeHTTP(w ResponseWriter, r *Request)
    }
    
    func ListenAndServe(address string, h Handler) error
    

    通过源码可以看到,Handler是一个接口类型,需要实现ServeHTTP方法,也就是说,只要传入任何实现了 ServerHTTP 接口的实例,所有的HTTP请求,就都交给了该实例处理了。所以我们要自己写一个实现该接口的实例,让所有的HTTP请求由自己来写

    package main
    
    import (
    	"fmt"
    	"log"
    	"net/http"
    )
    
    // Engine is the uni handler for all requests
    type Engine struct{}
    
    func (engine *Engine) ServeHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
    	switch req.URL.Path {
    	case "/":
    		fmt.Fprintf(w, "URL.Path = %qn", req.URL.Path)
    	case "/hello":
    		for k, v := range req.Header {
    			fmt.Fprintf(w, "Header[%q] = %qn", k, v)
    		}
    	default:
    		fmt.Fprintf(w, "404 NOT FOUND: %sn", req.URL)
    	}
    }
    
    func main() {
    	engine := new(Engine)
    	log.Fatal(http.ListenAndServe(":9999", engine))
    }
    

    我们定义了一个空的结构体Engine,实现了方法ServeHTTP。这个方法有2个参数:

    • 第一个参数是 ResponseWriter ,其实就是个网络套接字,通过w来写输入给客户端(C/S)
    • 第二个参数是 Request ,该对象包含了该HTTP请求的所有的信息,比如请求地址、Header和Body等信息;

    在 main 函数中,我们给 ListenAndServe 方法的第二个参数传入了刚才创建的engine实例。至此,我们走出了实现Web框架的第一步,即,将所有的HTTP请求转向了我们自己的处理逻辑。还记得吗,在实现Engine之前,我们调用 http.HandleFunc 实现了路由和Handler的映射,也就是只能针对具体的路由写处理逻辑。比如/hello。但是在实现Engine之后,我们拦截了所有的HTTP请求,拥有了统一的控制入口。在这里我们可以自由定义路由映射的规则,也可以统一添加一些处理逻辑,例如日志、异常处理等。

    Gee框架的雏形

    main.go和gee.go

    main.go

    package main
    
    import (
    	"Gee/gee"
    	"fmt"
    	"net/http"
    )
    
    func main() {
    	r := gee.New()
    	r.GET("/", func(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
    		fmt.Fprintf(w, "URL.Path = %qn", req.URL.Path)
    	})
    
    	r.GET("/hello", func(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
    		for k, v := range req.Header {
    			fmt.Fprintf(w, "Header[%q] = %qn", k, v)
    		}
    	})
    
    	r.Run(":9999")
    }
    

    gee.go

    package gee
    
    import (
    	"fmt"
    	"net/http"
    )
    
    // HandlerFunc defines the request handler used by gee
    type HandlerFunc func(http.ResponseWriter, *http.Request)
    
    // Engine implement the interface of ServeHTTP
    type Engine struct {
    	router map[string]HandlerFunc
    }
    
    // New is the constructor of gee.Engine
    func New() *Engine {
    	return &Engine{router: make(map[string]HandlerFunc)}
    }
    
    func (engine *Engine) addRoute(method string, pattern string, handler HandlerFunc) {
    	key := method + "-" + pattern
    	engine.router[key] = handler
    }
    
    // GET defines the method to add GET request
    func (engine *Engine) GET(pattern string, handler HandlerFunc) {
    	engine.addRoute("GET", pattern, handler)
    }
    
    // POST defines the method to add POST request
    func (engine *Engine) POST(pattern string, handler HandlerFunc) {
    	engine.addRoute("POST", pattern, handler)
    }
    
    // Run defines the method to start a http server
    func (engine *Engine) Run(addr string) (err error) {
    	return http.ListenAndServe(addr, engine)
    }
    
    func (engine *Engine) ServeHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
    	key := req.Method + "-" + req.URL.Path
    	if handler, ok := engine.router[key]; ok {
    		handler(w, req)
    	} else {
    		fmt.Fprintf(w, "404 NOT FOUND: %sn", req.URL)
    	}
    }
    
    解析

    在mian.go中,使用New()创建 gee 的实例,使用 GET()方法添加路由,最后使用Run()启动Web服务。这里的路由,只是静态路由,不支持/hello/:name这样的动态路由,动态路由我们将在下一次实现。

    gee.go是重头戏

    我们先来看Run方法,发现里面实则是调用http.ListenAndServe(addr, engine)。我们会发现所有的http请求的处理首先都会进入ServeHTTP方法,在ServeHTTP方法内,发现通过engine.router这个map(key是请求方法+“-”+请求路径,例如GET-/、GET-/hello、POST-/hello,value是用户映射的处理方法)传入key,来调用不同的函数来处理不同的请求。

    Engine实现的 ServeHTTP 方法的作用就是,解析请求的路径,查找路由映射表,如果查到,就执行注册的处理方法。如果查不到,就返回 404 NOT FOUND 。

    type Engine struct {
    	router map[string]HandlerFunc
    }
    

    结构体内存了一张路由表,由addRoute方法添加kv,GET和POST这两个方法只是对addRoute的包装而已。

    type HandlerFunc func(http.ResponseWriter, *http.Request)
    

    HandlerFunc的具体实现由用户自己实现

    r.GET("/", func(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
    		fmt.Fprintf(w, "URL.Path = %qn", req.URL.Path)
    	})
    
    运行测试
    68725@wxf MINGW64 ~/Desktop/7day/Gee
    $ curl http://localhost:9999/
    URL.Path = "/"
    
    68725@wxf MINGW64 ~/Desktop/7day/Gee
    $ curl http://localhost:9999/hello
    Header["User-Agent"] = ["curl/7.75.0"]
    Header["Accept"] = ["*/*"]
    
    68725@wxf MINGW64 ~/Desktop/7day/Gee
    $ curl http://localhost:9999/world
    404 NOT FOUND: /world
    
    Day2 上下文 设计策略
    • 将路由(router)独立出来,方便之后增强。
    • 设计上下文(Context),封装 Request 和 Response ,提供对 JSON、HTML 等返回类型的支持。
    • 动手写 Gee 框架的第二天,框架代码140行,新增代码约90行
    • 解耦!
    使用效果main.go
    package main
    
    import (
    	"Gee/gee"
    	"net/http"
    )
    
    func main() {
    	r := gee.New()
    	r.GET("/", func(c *gee.Context) {
    		c.HTML(http.StatusOK, "Hello Gee")
    	})
    	r.GET("/hello", func(c *gee.Context) {
    		// expect /hello?name=geektutu
    		c.String(http.StatusOK, "hello %s, you're at %sn", c.Query("name"), c.Path)
    	})
    
    	r.POST("/login", func(c *gee.Context) {
    		c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gee.H{
    			"username": c.PostForm("username"),
    			"password": c.PostForm("password"),
    		})
    	})
    
    	r.Run(":9999")
    }
    
    • 从Handler的参数变成成了gee.Context,提供了查询Query/PostForm参数的功能。
    • gee.Context封装了HTML/String/JSON函数,能够快速构造HTTP响应。
    router.go context.go gee.go

    router.go

    package gee
    
    import (
    	"log"
    	"net/http"
    )
    
    type router struct {
    	handlers map[string]HandlerFunc
    }
    
    func newRouter() *router {
    	return &router{handlers: make(map[string]HandlerFunc)}
    }
    
    func (r *router) addRoute(method string, pattern string, handler HandlerFunc) {
    	log.Printf("Route %4s - %s", method, pattern)
    	key := method + "-" + pattern
    	r.handlers[key] = handler
    }
    
    func (r *router) handle(c *Context) {
    	key := c.Method + "-" + c.Path
    	if handler, ok := r.handlers[key]; ok {
    		handler(c)
    	} else {
    		c.String(http.StatusNotFound, "404 NOT FOUND: %sn", c.Path)
    	}
    }
    
    

    context.go

    package gee
    
    import (
    	"encoding/json"
    	"fmt"
    	"net/http"
    )
    
    type H map[string]interface{}
    
    type Context struct {
    	// origin objects
    	Writer http.ResponseWriter
    	Req    *http.Request
    	// request info
    	Path   string
    	Method string
    	// response info
    	StatusCode int
    }
    
    func newContext(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) *Context {
    	return &Context{
    		Writer: w,
    		Req:    req,
    		Path:   req.URL.Path,
    		Method: req.Method,
    	}
    }
    
    func (c *Context) PostForm(key string) string {
    	return c.Req.FormValue(key)
    }
    
    func (c *Context) Query(key string) string {
    	return c.Req.URL.Query().Get(key)
    }
    
    func (c *Context) Status(code int) {
    	c.StatusCode = code
    	c.Writer.WriteHeader(code)
    }
    
    func (c *Context) SetHeader(key string, value string) {
    	c.Writer.Header().Set(key, value)
    }
    
    func (c *Context) String(code int, format string, values ...interface{}) {
    	c.SetHeader("Content-Type", "text/plain")
    	c.Status(code)
    	c.Writer.Write([]byte(fmt.Sprintf(format, values...)))
    }
    
    func (c *Context) JSON(code int, obj interface{}) {
    	c.SetHeader("Content-Type", "application/json")
    	c.Status(code)
    	encoder := json.NewEncoder(c.Writer)
    	if err := encoder.Encode(obj); err != nil {
    		http.Error(c.Writer, err.Error(), 500)
    	}
    }
    
    func (c *Context) Data(code int, data []byte) {
    	c.Status(code)
    	c.Writer.Write(data)
    }
    
    func (c *Context) HTML(code int, html string) {
    	c.SetHeader("Content-Type", "text/html")
    	c.Status(code)
    	c.Writer.Write([]byte(html))
    }
    
    

    gee.go

    package gee
    
    import "net/http"
    
    // HandlerFunc defines the request handler used by gee
    type HandlerFunc func(*Context)
    
    // Engine implement the interface of ServeHTTP
    type Engine struct {
    	router *router
    }
    
    // New is the constructor of gee.Engine
    func New() *Engine {
    	return &Engine{router: newRouter()}
    }
    
    func (engine *Engine) addRoute(method string, pattern string, handler HandlerFunc) {
    	engine.router.addRoute(method, pattern, handler)
    }
    
    // GET defines the method to add GET request
    func (engine *Engine) GET(pattern string, handler HandlerFunc) {
    	engine.addRoute("GET", pattern, handler)
    }
    
    // POST defines the method to add POST request
    func (engine *Engine) POST(pattern string, handler HandlerFunc) {
    	engine.addRoute("POST", pattern, handler)
    }
    
    // Run defines the method to start a http server
    func (engine *Engine) Run(addr string) (err error) {
    	return http.ListenAndServe(addr, engine)
    }
    
    func (engine *Engine) ServeHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
    	c := newContext(w, req)
    	engine.router.handle(c)
    }
    
    设计思想 context
    1. 对Web服务来说,无非是根据请求*http.Request,构造响应http.ResponseWriter。但是这两个对象提供的接口粒度太细,比如我们要构造一个完整的响应,需要考虑消息头(Header)和消息体(Body),而 Header 包含了状态码(StatusCode),消息类型(ContentType)等几乎每次请求都需要设置的信息。因此,如果不进行有效的封装,那么框架的用户将需要写大量重复,繁杂的代码,而且容易出错。针对常用场景,能够高效地构造出 HTTP 响应是一个好的框架必须考虑的点。
    2. 针对使用场景,封装*http.Request和http.ResponseWriter的方法,简化相关接口的调用,只是设计 Context 的原因之一。对于框架来说,还需要支撑额外的功能。例如,将来解析动态路由/hello/:name,参数:name的值放在哪呢?再比如,框架需要支持中间件,那中间件产生的信息放在哪呢?Context 随着每一个请求的出现而产生,请求的结束而销毁,和当前请求强相关的信息都应由 Context 承载。因此,设计 Context 结构,扩展性和复杂性留在了内部,而对外简化了接口。路由的处理函数,以及将要实现的中间件,参数都统一使用 Context 实例, Context 就像一次会话的百宝箱,可以找到任何东西。
    router路由

    将路由抽离出来,放到了一个新的文件中router.go,方便我们下一次对 router 的功能进行增强,例如提供动态路由的支持。 router 的 handle 方法作了一个细微的调整,即 handler 的参数,变成了 Context。

    gee框架入口

    router相关的代码独立后,gee.go简单了不少。最重要的还是通过实现了 ServeHTTP 接口,接管了所有的 HTTP 请求。相比第一天的代码,这个方法也有细微的调整,在调用 router.handle 之前,构造了一个 Context 对象。这个对象目前还非常简单,仅仅是包装了原来的两个参数,之后我们会慢慢地给Context插上翅膀。

    总结

    由gee的实例Engine开始,里面存着一个router,router里面存着一个map,k的Method + “-” + Path,而v则是对应的回调函数,那么这个回调的参数全部由context存储,在ServeHTTP中,每有一个新的请求过来,都会创建一个context,然后调用engine.router.handle,并把context传进去,给请求发送响应,由main中用户自己定义,但是都是调用context中api来实现的,所以context承载了整个会话的生命周期

    测试

    -i 参数可以显示 http response 的头信息,连同网页代码一起

    68725@wxf MINGW64 ~/Desktop/7day/Gee
    $ curl -i http://localhost:9999/
    HTTP/1.1 200 OK
    Content-Type: text/html
    Date: Mon, 22 Nov 2021 08:10:31 GMT
    Content-Length: 18
    
    

    Hello Gee

    68725@wxf MINGW64 ~/Desktop/7day/Gee $ curl "http://localhost:9999/hello?name=geektutu" -i HTTP/1.1 200 OK Content-Type: text/plain Date: Mon, 22 Nov 2021 08:10:41 GMT Content-Length: 33 hello geektutu, you're at /hello 68725@wxf MINGW64 ~/Desktop/7day/Gee $ curl "http://localhost:9999/login" -X POST -d 'username=geektutu&password=1234' -i HTTP/1.1 200 OK Content-Type: application/json Date: Mon, 22 Nov 2021 08:10:48 GMT Content-Length: 42 {"password":"1234","username":"geektutu"} 68725@wxf MINGW64 ~/Desktop/7day/Gee $ curl "http://localhost:9999/xxx" -i HTTP/1.1 404 Not Found Content-Type: text/plain Date: Mon, 22 Nov 2021 08:10:56 GMT Content-Length: 20 404 NOT FOUND: /xxx
    Day3 前缀树路由 简介

    使用 Trie 树实现动态路由(dynamic route)解析。
    支持两种模式:name和*filepath,代码约150行。

    接下来我们实现的动态路由具备以下两个功能。

    • 参数匹配:。例如 /p/:lang/doc,可以匹配 /p/c/doc 和 /p/go/doc。
    • 通配*。例如 /static/*filepath,可以匹配/static/fav.ico,也可以匹配/static/js/jQuery.js,这种模式常用于静态服务器,能够递归地匹配子路径。

    简单来说,定义了 /p/:lang/doc 这个规则,当请求是/p/xxx/doc, xxx可以任意写,都会匹配到/p/:lang/doc的回调函数
    而 /static/*filepath 就比较宽松了,请求前面只要是static/ ,无论是/static/xx还是/static/a/b/c/xx,都会匹配 /static/*filepath的回调函数

    代码贴在下面,有注释,慢慢看
    刚开始学习的时候不要死扣细节,想一下这样做的原因是什么,能做出什么效果来,就比如我上面写的简介

    需要注意的是

    n, params := r.getRoute(c.Method, c.Path)
    c.Params = params
    

    params是一个map,里面存这匹配或者通配对应的名字,例如

    map[name:hahah]
    map[filepath:css/geektutu.css]
    

    代码阅读顺序建议

    r.GET("/hello", func(c *gee.Context) {
    	// expect /hello?name=geektutu
    	c.String(http.StatusOK, "hello %s, you're at %sn", c.Query("name"), c.Path)
    })
    
    	
    func (r *router) addRoute(method string, pattern string, handler HandlerFunc) 
    
    
    func (engine *Engine) ServeHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) 
    
    func (r *router) handle(c *Context)
    
    n, params := r.getRoute(c.Method, c.Path)
    
    func parsePattern(pattern string) []string
    
    代码

    main.go

    package main
    
    import (
    	"Gee/gee"
    	"net/http"
    )
    
    func main() {
    	r := gee.New()
    	r.GET("/", func(c *gee.Context) {
    		c.HTML(http.StatusOK, "Hello Gee")
    	})
    
    	r.GET("/hello", func(c *gee.Context) {
    		// expect /hello?name=geektutu
    		c.String(http.StatusOK, "hello %s, you're at %sn", c.Query("name"), c.Path)
    	})
    
    	r.GET("/hello/:name/doc", func(c *gee.Context) {
    		// expect /hello/geektutu
    		c.String(http.StatusOK, "hello %s, you're at %sn", c.Param("name"), c.Path)
    	})
    
    	r.GET("/assets/*filepath", func(c *gee.Context) {
    		c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gee.H{"filepath": c.Param("filepath")})
    	})
    
    
    	r.Run(":9999")
    }
    
    

    gee.go

    package gee
    
    import (
    	"net/http"
    )
    
    // HandlerFunc defines the request handler used by gee
    type HandlerFunc func(*Context)
    
    // Engine implement the interface of ServeHTTP
    type Engine struct {
    	router *router
    }
    
    // New is the constructor of gee.Engine
    func New() *Engine {
    	return &Engine{router: newRouter()}
    }
    
    func (engine *Engine) addRoute(method string, pattern string, handler HandlerFunc) {
    	engine.router.addRoute(method, pattern, handler)
    }
    
    // GET defines the method to add GET request
    func (engine *Engine) GET(pattern string, handler HandlerFunc) {
    	engine.addRoute("GET", pattern, handler)
    }
    
    // POST defines the method to add POST request
    func (engine *Engine) POST(pattern string, handler HandlerFunc) {
    	engine.addRoute("POST", pattern, handler)
    }
    
    // Run defines the method to start a http server
    func (engine *Engine) Run(addr string) (err error) {
    	return http.ListenAndServe(addr, engine)
    }
    
    func (engine *Engine) ServeHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
    	c := newContext(w, req)
    	engine.router.handle(c)
    }
    

    trie.go

    package gee
    
    import (
    	"fmt"
    	"strings"
    )
    
    type node struct {
    	pattern 	string	// 是否一个完整的url,不是则为空字符串
    	part    	string	// URL块值,用/分割的部分,比如/abc/123,abc和123就是2个part
    	children 	[]*node	// 该节点下的子节点
    	isWild		bool	// 是否模糊匹配,比如:filename或*filename这样的node就为true
    }
    
    func (n *node) String() string {
    	return fmt.Sprintf("node{pattern=%s, part=%s, isWild=%t}", n.pattern, n.part, n.isWild)
    }
    
    // 找到匹配的子节点,场景是用在插入时使用,找到1个匹配的就立即返回
    func (n *node) matchChild(part string) *node {
    	// 遍历n节点的所有子节点,看是否能找到匹配的子节点,将其返回
    	for _, child := range n.children {
    		// 如果有模糊匹配的也会成功匹配上
    		if child.part == part || child.isWild {
    			return child
    		}
    	}
    	return nil
    }
    
    // 一边匹配一边插入的方法
    //r.roots[method].insert(pattern, parts, 0)
    //parts = [] parts = [hello] parts = [hello :name]  parts = [assets *filepath]
    //pattren= / ```/hello ```/hello/:name ```/assets/*filepath
    func (n *node) insert(pattern string, parts []string, height int) {
    	if len(parts) == height {
    		// 如果已经匹配完了,那么将pattern赋值给该node,表示它是一个完整的url
    		// 这是递归的终止条件
    		n.pattern = pattern
    		return
    	}
    
    	part := parts[height]
    	child := n.matchChild(part)
    	if child == nil {
    		// 没有匹配上,那么进行生成,放到n节点的子列表中
    		child = &node{part: part, isWild: part[0] == ':' || part[0] == '*'}
    		n.children = append(n.children, child)
    	}
    	// 接着插入下一个part节点
    	child.insert(pattern, parts, height+1)
    }
    
    // 这个函数跟matchChild有点像,但它是返回所有匹配的子节点,原因是它的场景是用以查找
    // 它必须返回所有可能的子节点来进行遍历查找
    func (n *node) matchChildren(part string) []*node {
    	nodes := make([]*node, 0)
    	for _, child := range n.children {
    		if child.part == part || child.isWild {
    			nodes = append(nodes, child)
    		}
    	}
    	return nodes
    }
    //n := root.search(searchParts, 0)
    []   [hello] [hello :name] [assets *filepath]
    func (n *node) search(parts []string, height int) *node {
    	if len(parts) == height || strings.HasPrefix(n.part, "*") {
    		// 递归终止条件,找到末尾了或者通配符
    		if n.pattern == "" {
    			// pattern为空字符串表示它不是一个完整的url,匹配失败
    			return nil
    		}
    		return n
    	}
    
    	part := parts[height]
    	// 获取所有可能的子路径
    	children := n.matchChildren(part)
    
    	for _, child := range children {
    		// 对于每条路径接着用下一part去查找
    		result := child.search(parts, height+1)
    		if result != nil {
    			// 找到了即返回
    			return result
    		}
    	}
    
    	return nil
    }
    
    // 查找所有完整的url,保存到列表中
    func (n *node) travel(list *([]*node)) {
    	if n.pattern != "" {
    		// 递归终止条件
    		*list = append(*list, n)
    	}
    	for _, child := range n.children {
    		// 一层一层的递归找pattern是非空的节点
    		child.travel(list)
    	}
    }
    

    router.go

    package gee
    
    import (
    	"net/http"
    	"strings"
    )
    
    type router struct {
    	roots    map[string]*node
    	handlers map[string]HandlerFunc
    }
    
    func newRouter() *router {
    	return &router{
    		roots:    make(map[string]*node),
    		handlers: make(map[string]HandlerFunc),
    	}
    }
    
    // Only one * is allowed
    func parsePattern(pattern string) []string {
    	vs := strings.Split(pattern, "/")
    	parts := make([]string, 0)
    	for _, item := range vs {
    		if item != "" {
    			parts = append(parts, item)
    			if item[0] == '*' {
    				break
    			}
    		}
    	}
    	return parts
    }
    
    func (r *router) addRoute(method string, pattern string, handler HandlerFunc) {
    	//parts = [] parts = [hello] parts = [hello :name]  parts = [assets *filepath]
    	parts := parsePattern(pattern)
    	//key= GET-/ key= GET-/hello key= GET-/hello/:name key= GET-/assets/*filepath
    	key := method + "-" + pattern
    	//method=/  以/为root节点
    	_, ok := r.roots[method]
    	if !ok {
    		r.roots[method] = &node{}
    	}
    	//pattren= / ```/hello ```/hello/:name ```/assets/*filepath
    	r.roots[method].insert(pattern, parts, 0)
    
    	//把key= GET-/ key= GET-/hello key= GET-/hello/:name key= GET-/assets/*filepath 与回调绑定
    	r.handlers[key] = handler
    }
    
    func (r *router) getRoute(method string, path string) (*node, map[string]string) {
    	//[]   [hello] [hello :name] [assets *filepath]
    	searchParts := parsePattern(path)
    
    	params := make(map[string]string)
    	root, ok := r.roots[method]
    
    	if !ok {
    		return nil, nil
    	}
    
    	n := root.search(searchParts, 0)
    	//找到匹配的节点了
    	if n != nil {
    		//path和parts已经不一样了,/hello/hahah 变成  [hello hahah]
    		parts := parsePattern(n.pattern)
    		for index, part := range parts {
    			if part[0] == ':' {
    				params[part[1:]] = searchParts[index]
    			}
    			if part[0] == '*' && len(part) > 1 {
    				params[part[1:]] = strings.Join(searchParts[index:], "/")
    				break
    			}
    		}
    		return n, params
    	}
    
    	return nil, nil
    }
    
    func (r *router) getRoutes(method string) []*node {
    	root, ok := r.roots[method]
    	if !ok {
    		return nil
    	}
    	nodes := make([]*node, 0)
    	root.travel(&nodes)
    	return nodes
    }
    
    func (r *router) handle(c *Context) {
    	n, params := r.getRoute(c.Method, c.Path)
    	if n != nil {
    		c.Params = params
    		key := c.Method + "-" + n.pattern
    		r.handlers[key](c)
    	} else {
    		c.String(http.StatusNotFound, "404 NOT FOUND: %sn", c.Path)
    	}
    }
    
    

    context.go

    package gee
    
    import (
    	"encoding/json"
    	"fmt"
    	"net/http"
    )
    
    type H map[string]interface{}
    
    type Context struct {
    	// origin objects
    	Writer http.ResponseWriter
    	Req    *http.Request
    	// request info
    	Path   string
    	Method string
    	Params map[string]string
    	// response info
    	StatusCode int
    }
    
    func newContext(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) *Context {
    	return &Context{
    		Writer: w,
    		Req:    req,
    		Path:   req.URL.Path,
    		Method: req.Method,
    	}
    }
    
    func (c *Context) Param(key string) string {
    	value, _ := c.Params[key]
    	return value
    }
    
    func (c *Context) PostForm(key string) string {
    	return c.Req.FormValue(key)
    }
    
    func (c *Context) Query(key string) string {
    	return c.Req.URL.Query().Get(key)
    }
    
    func (c *Context) Status(code int) {
    	c.StatusCode = code
    	c.Writer.WriteHeader(code)
    }
    
    func (c *Context) SetHeader(key string, value string) {
    	c.Writer.Header().Set(key, value)
    }
    
    func (c *Context) String(code int, format string, values ...interface{}) {
    	c.SetHeader("Content-Type", "text/plain")
    	c.Status(code)
    	c.Writer.Write([]byte(fmt.Sprintf(format, values...)))
    }
    
    func (c *Context) JSON(code int, obj interface{}) {
    	c.SetHeader("Content-Type", "application/json")
    	c.Status(code)
    	encoder := json.NewEncoder(c.Writer)
    	if err := encoder.Encode(obj); err != nil {
    		http.Error(c.Writer, err.Error(), 500)
    	}
    }
    
    func (c *Context) Data(code int, data []byte) {
    	c.Status(code)
    	c.Writer.Write(data)
    }
    
    func (c *Context) HTML(code int, html string) {
    	c.SetHeader("Content-Type", "text/html")
    	c.Status(code)
    	c.Writer.Write([]byte(html))
    }
    
    测试
    68725@wxf MINGW64 ~/Desktop/7day/Gee
    $ curl "http://localhost:9999/"
    

    Hello Gee

    68725@wxf MINGW64 ~/Desktop/7day/Gee $ curl "http://localhost:9999/hello" hello , you're at /hello 68725@wxf MINGW64 ~/Desktop/7day/Gee $ curl "http://localhost:9999/hello/wxf/doc" hello wxf, you're at /hello/wxf/doc 68725@wxf MINGW64 ~/Desktop/7day/Gee $ curl "http://localhost:9999/hello/wxf/err" 404 NOT FOUND: /hello/wxf/err 68725@wxf MINGW64 ~/Desktop/7day/Gee $ curl "http://localhost:9999/assets/nihao" {"filepath":"nihao"} 68725@wxf MINGW64 ~/Desktop/7day/Gee $ curl "http://localhost:9999/assets/nihao/niyehao" {"filepath":"nihao/niyehao"}
    Day4 分组控制 何为分组,分组的意义

    分组控制(Group Control)是 Web 框架应提供的基础功能之一。所谓分组,是指路由的分组。如果没有路由分组,我们需要针对每一个路由进行控制。但是真实的业务场景中,往往某一组路由需要相似的处理。例如:

    • 以/post开头的路由匿名可访问。
    • 以/admin开头的路由需要鉴权。
    • 以/api开头的路由是 RESTful 接口,可以对接第三方平台,需要三方平台鉴权。

    大部分情况下的路由分组,是以相同的前缀来区分的。因此,我们今天实现的分组控制也是以前缀来区分,并且支持分组的嵌套。例如/post是一个分组,/post/a和/post/b可以是该分组下的子分组。作用在/post分组上的中间件(middleware),也都会作用在子分组,子分组还可以应用自己特有的中间件。

    中间件可以给框架提供无限的扩展能力,应用在分组上,可以使得分组控制的收益更为明显,而不是共享相同的路由前缀这么简单。例如/admin的分组,可以应用鉴权中间件;/分组应用日志中间件,/是默认的最顶层的分组,也就意味着给所有的路由,即整个框架增加了记录日志的能力。

    简单点来说,就是设计不同的前缀,再用不同的前缀写下面的代码,这样管理相同前缀的不同路由很方便

    v1 := r.Group("/v1")
    	{
    		v1.GET("/", func(c *gee.Context) {
    			c.HTML(http.StatusOK, "Hello Gee")
    		})
    
    		v1.GET("/hello", func(c *gee.Context) {
    			// expect /hello?name=geektutu
    			c.String(http.StatusOK, "hello %s, you're at %sn", c.Query("name"), c.Path)
    		})
    	}
    	v2 := r.Group("/v2")
    	{
    		v2.GET("/hello/:name", func(c *gee.Context) {
    			// expect /hello/geektutu
    			c.String(http.StatusOK, "hello %s, you're at %sn", c.Param("name"), c.Path)
    		})
    		v2.POST("/login", func(c *gee.Context) {
    			c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gee.H{
    				"username": c.PostForm("username"),
    				"password": c.PostForm("password"),
    			})
    		})
    
    	}
    
    2021/11/23 21:28:14 Route  GET - /v1/
    2021/11/23 21:28:14 Route  GET - /v1/hello
    2021/11/23 21:28:14 Route  GET - /v2/hello/:name
    2021/11/23 21:28:14 Route POST - /v2/login
    
    设计分组

    一个 Group 对象需要具备哪些属性呢?首先是前缀(prefix),比如/,或者/api;
    要支持分组嵌套,那么需要知道当前分组的父亲(parent)是谁;
    当然了,按照我们一开始的分析,中间件是应用在分组上的,那还需要存储应用在该分组上的中间件(middlewares)。
    如果Group对象需要直接映射路由规则的话,比如我们想在使用框架时,这么调用v2.GET,那么Group对象,还需要有访问Router的能力。

    为了方便,我们可以在Group中,保存一个指针,指向Engine,整个框架的所有资源都是由Engine统一协调的,那么就可以通过Engine间接地访问各种接口了。

    所以,最后的 Group 的定义是这样的:

    RouterGroup struct {
    	prefix      string
    	middlewares []HandlerFunc // support middleware
    	parent      *RouterGroup  // support nesting
    	engine      *Engine       // all groups share a Engine instance
    }
    

    进一步地抽象,将Engine作为最顶层的分组,也就是说Engine拥有RouterGroup所有的能力(组合,RouterGroup有的属性和方法,Engine全都有)。

    Engine struct {
    	*RouterGroup
    	router *router
    	groups []*RouterGroup // store all groups
    }
    

    进一步修改gee.go和main.go的代码

    代码

    main.go

    package main
    
    import (
    	"Gee/gee"
    	"net/http"
    )
    
    func main() {
    	r := gee.New()
    	r.GET("/index", func(c *gee.Context) {
    		c.HTML(http.StatusOK, "Index Page")
    	})
    	v1 := r.Group("/v1")
    	{
    		v1.GET("/", func(c *gee.Context) {
    			c.HTML(http.StatusOK, "Hello Gee")
    		})
    
    		v1.GET("/hello", func(c *gee.Context) {
    			// expect /hello?name=geektutu
    			c.String(http.StatusOK, "hello %s, you're at %sn", c.Query("name"), c.Path)
    		})
    	}
    	
    	v2 := r.Group("/v2")
    	{
    		v2.GET("/hello/:name", func(c *gee.Context) {
    			// expect /hello/geektutu
    			c.String(http.StatusOK, "hello %s, you're at %sn", c.Param("name"), c.Path)
    		})
    		v2.POST("/login", func(c *gee.Context) {
    			c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gee.H{
    				"username": c.PostForm("username"),
    				"password": c.PostForm("password"),
    			})
    		})
    
    	}
    
    	r.Run(":9999")
    }
    
    

    gee.go

    package gee
    
    import (
    	"log"
    	"net/http"
    )
    
    // HandlerFunc defines the request handler used by gee
    type HandlerFunc func(*Context)
    
    // Engine implement the interface of ServeHTTP
    type (
    	RouterGroup struct {
    		prefix      string
    		middlewares []HandlerFunc // support middleware
    		parent      *RouterGroup  // support nesting
    		engine      *Engine       // all groups share a Engine instance
    	}
    
    	Engine struct {
    		*RouterGroup
    		router *router
    		groups []*RouterGroup // store all groups
    	}
    )
    
    // New is the constructor of gee.Engine
    func New() *Engine {
    	engine := &Engine{router: newRouter()}
    	engine.RouterGroup = &RouterGroup{engine: engine}
    	engine.groups = []*RouterGroup{engine.RouterGroup}
    	return engine
    }
    
    // Group is defined to create a new RouterGroup
    // remember all groups share the same Engine instance
    func (group *RouterGroup) Group(prefix string) *RouterGroup {
    	engine := group.engine
    	newGroup := &RouterGroup{
    		prefix: group.prefix + prefix,
    		parent: group,
    		engine: engine,
    	}
    	engine.groups = append(engine.groups, newGroup)
    	return newGroup
    }
    
    func (group *RouterGroup) addRoute(method string, comp string, handler HandlerFunc) {
    	pattern := group.prefix + comp
    	log.Printf("Route %4s - %s", method, pattern)
    	group.engine.router.addRoute(method, pattern, handler)
    }
    
    // GET defines the method to add GET request
    func (group *RouterGroup) GET(pattern string, handler HandlerFunc) {
    	group.addRoute("GET", pattern, handler)
    }
    
    // POST defines the method to add POST request
    func (group *RouterGroup) POST(pattern string, handler HandlerFunc) {
    	group.addRoute("POST", pattern, handler)
    }
    
    // Run defines the method to start a http server
    func (engine *Engine) Run(addr string) (err error) {
    	return http.ListenAndServe(addr, engine)
    }
    
    func (engine *Engine) ServeHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
    	c := newContext(w, req)
    	engine.router.handle(c)
    }
    
    

    其他的代码没有改变,参考Day3即可

    测试
    68725@wxf MINGW64 ~/Desktop/7day/Gee
    $go run main.go
    2021/11/23 21:28:14 Route  GET - /index
    2021/11/23 21:28:14 Route  GET - /v1/
    2021/11/23 21:28:14 Route  GET - /v1/hello
    2021/11/23 21:28:14 Route  GET - /v2/hello/:name
    2021/11/23 21:28:14 Route POST - /v2/login
    
    
    68725@wxf MINGW64 ~/Desktop/7day/Gee
    $  curl "http://localhost:9999/"
    404 NOT FOUND: /
    
    68725@wxf MINGW64 ~/Desktop/7day/Gee
    $  curl "http://localhost:9999/index"
    

    Index Page

    68725@wxf MINGW64 ~/Desktop/7day/Gee $ curl "http://localhost:9999/v1"

    Hello Gee

    68725@wxf MINGW64 ~/Desktop/7day/Gee $ curl "http://localhost:9999/v1/hello" hello , you're at /v1/hello 68725@wxf MINGW64 ~/Desktop/7day/Gee $ curl "http://localhost:9999/v1/hello/errTest" 404 NOT FOUND: /v1/hello/errTest 68725@wxf MINGW64 ~/Desktop/7day/Gee $ curl "http://localhost:9999/v2/hello/acTest" hello acTest, you're at /v2/hello/acTest 68725@wxf MINGW64 ~/Desktop/7day/Gee $ curl "http://localhost:9999/v2/login" -X POST -d 'username=geektutu&password=1234' {"password":"1234","username":"geektutu"}
    Day5 中间件 中间件是什么

    中间件(middlewares),简单说,就是非业务的技术类组件。Web 框架本身不可能去理解所有的业务,因而不可能实现所有的功能。因此,框架需要有一个插口,允许用户自己定义功能,嵌入到框架中,仿佛这个功能是框架原生支持的一样。

    中间件设计

    Gee 的中间件的定义与路由映射的 Handler 一致,处理的输入是Context对象。插入点是框架接收到请求初始化Context对象后,允许用户使用自己定义的中间件做一些额外的处理,例如记录日志等,以及对Context进行二次加工。另外通过调用(*Context).Next()函数,中间件可等待用户自己定义的 Handler处理结束后,再做一些额外的操作,例如计算本次处理所用时间等。即 Gee 的中间件支持用户在请求被处理的前后,做一些额外的操作。


    该图是中间件执行流程的重点

    代码

    main.go

    package gee
    
    import (
    	"log"
    	"net/http"
    	"strings"
    )
    
    // HandlerFunc defines the request handler used by gee
    type HandlerFunc func(*Context)
    
    // Engine implement the interface of ServeHTTP
    type (
    	RouterGroup struct {
    		prefix      string
    		middlewares []HandlerFunc // support middleware
    		parent      *RouterGroup  // support nesting
    		engine      *Engine       // all groups share a Engine instance
    	}
    
    	Engine struct {
    		*RouterGroup
    		router *router
    		groups []*RouterGroup // store all groups
    	}
    )
    
    // New is the constructor of gee.Engine
    func New() *Engine {
    	engine := &Engine{router: newRouter()}
    	engine.RouterGroup = &RouterGroup{engine: engine}
    	engine.groups = []*RouterGroup{engine.RouterGroup}
    	return engine
    }
    
    // Group is defined to create a new RouterGroup
    // remember all groups share the same Engine instance
    func (group *RouterGroup) Group(prefix string) *RouterGroup {
    	engine := group.engine
    	newGroup := &RouterGroup{
    		prefix: group.prefix + prefix,
    		parent: group,
    		engine: engine,
    	}
    	engine.groups = append(engine.groups, newGroup)
    	return newGroup
    }
    
    // Use is defined to add middleware to the group
    func (group *RouterGroup) Use(middlewares ...HandlerFunc) {
    	group.middlewares = append(group.middlewares, middlewares...)
    }
    
    func (group *RouterGroup) addRoute(method string, comp string, handler HandlerFunc) {
    	pattern := group.prefix + comp
    	log.Printf("Route %4s - %s", method, pattern)
    	group.engine.router.addRoute(method, pattern, handler)
    }
    
    // GET defines the method to add GET request
    func (group *RouterGroup) GET(pattern string, handler HandlerFunc) {
    	group.addRoute("GET", pattern, handler)
    }
    
    // POST defines the method to add POST request
    func (group *RouterGroup) POST(pattern string, handler HandlerFunc) {
    	group.addRoute("POST", pattern, handler)
    }
    
    // Run defines the method to start a http server
    func (engine *Engine) Run(addr string) (err error) {
    	return http.ListenAndServe(addr, engine)
    }
    
    func (engine *Engine) ServeHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
    	var middlewares []HandlerFunc
    	for _, group := range engine.groups {
    		if strings.HasPrefix(req.URL.Path, group.prefix) {
    			middlewares = append(middlewares, group.middlewares...)
    		}
    	}
    	c := newContext(w, req)
    	c.handlers = middlewares
    	engine.router.handle(c)
    }
    

    logger.go

    package gee
    
    import (
    	"log"
    	"time"
    )
    
    func Logger() HandlerFunc {
    	return func(c *Context) {
    		// Start timer
    		t := time.Now()
    		// Process request
    		c.Next()
    		// Calculate resolution time
    		log.Printf("[%d] %s in %v", c.StatusCode, c.Req.RequestURI, time.Since(t))
    	}
    }
    

    gee.go

    package gee
    
    import (
    	"log"
    	"net/http"
    	"strings"
    )
    
    // HandlerFunc defines the request handler used by gee
    type HandlerFunc func(*Context)
    
    // Engine implement the interface of ServeHTTP
    type (
    	RouterGroup struct {
    		prefix      string
    		middlewares []HandlerFunc // support middleware
    		parent      *RouterGroup  // support nesting
    		engine      *Engine       // all groups share a Engine instance
    	}
    
    	Engine struct {
    		*RouterGroup
    		router *router
    		groups []*RouterGroup // store all groups
    	}
    )
    
    // New is the constructor of gee.Engine
    func New() *Engine {
    	engine := &Engine{router: newRouter()}
    	engine.RouterGroup = &RouterGroup{engine: engine}
    	engine.groups = []*RouterGroup{engine.RouterGroup}
    	return engine
    }
    
    // Group is defined to create a new RouterGroup
    // remember all groups share the same Engine instance
    func (group *RouterGroup) Group(prefix string) *RouterGroup {
    	engine := group.engine
    	newGroup := &RouterGroup{
    		prefix: group.prefix + prefix,
    		parent: group,
    		engine: engine,
    	}
    	engine.groups = append(engine.groups, newGroup)
    	return newGroup
    }
    
    // Use is defined to add middleware to the group
    func (group *RouterGroup) Use(middlewares ...HandlerFunc) {
    	group.middlewares = append(group.middlewares, middlewares...)
    }
    
    func (group *RouterGroup) addRoute(method string, comp string, handler HandlerFunc) {
    	pattern := group.prefix + comp
    	log.Printf("Route %4s - %s", method, pattern)
    	group.engine.router.addRoute(method, pattern, handler)
    }
    
    // GET defines the method to add GET request
    func (group *RouterGroup) GET(pattern string, handler HandlerFunc) {
    	group.addRoute("GET", pattern, handler)
    }
    
    // POST defines the method to add POST request
    func (group *RouterGroup) POST(pattern string, handler HandlerFunc) {
    	group.addRoute("POST", pattern, handler)
    }
    
    // Run defines the method to start a http server
    func (engine *Engine) Run(addr string) (err error) {
    	return http.ListenAndServe(addr, engine)
    }
    
    func (engine *Engine) ServeHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
    	var middlewares []HandlerFunc
    	for _, group := range engine.groups {
    		if strings.HasPrefix(req.URL.Path, group.prefix) {
    			middlewares = append(middlewares, group.middlewares...)
    		}
    	}
    	c := newContext(w, req)
    	c.handlers = middlewares
    	engine.router.handle(c)
    }
    

    router.go

    package gee
    
    import (
    	"net/http"
    	"strings"
    )
    
    type router struct {
    	roots    map[string]*node
    	handlers map[string]HandlerFunc
    }
    
    func newRouter() *router {
    	return &router{
    		roots:    make(map[string]*node),
    		handlers: make(map[string]HandlerFunc),
    	}
    }
    
    // Only one * is allowed
    func parsePattern(pattern string) []string {
    	vs := strings.Split(pattern, "/")
    
    	parts := make([]string, 0)
    	for _, item := range vs {
    		if item != "" {
    			parts = append(parts, item)
    			if item[0] == '*' {
    				break
    			}
    		}
    	}
    	return parts
    }
    
    func (r *router) addRoute(method string, pattern string, handler HandlerFunc) {
    	parts := parsePattern(pattern)
    
    	key := method + "-" + pattern
    	_, ok := r.roots[method]
    	if !ok {
    		r.roots[method] = &node{}
    	}
    	r.roots[method].insert(pattern, parts, 0)
    	r.handlers[key] = handler
    }
    
    func (r *router) getRoute(method string, path string) (*node, map[string]string) {
    	searchParts := parsePattern(path)
    	params := make(map[string]string)
    	root, ok := r.roots[method]
    
    	if !ok {
    		return nil, nil
    	}
    
    	n := root.search(searchParts, 0)
    
    	if n != nil {
    		parts := parsePattern(n.pattern)
    		for index, part := range parts {
    			if part[0] == ':' {
    				params[part[1:]] = searchParts[index]
    			}
    			if part[0] == '*' && len(part) > 1 {
    				params[part[1:]] = strings.Join(searchParts[index:], "/")
    				break
    			}
    		}
    		return n, params
    	}
    
    	return nil, nil
    }
    
    func (r *router) getRoutes(method string) []*node {
    	root, ok := r.roots[method]
    	if !ok {
    		return nil
    	}
    	nodes := make([]*node, 0)
    	root.travel(&nodes)
    	return nodes
    }
    
    func (r *router) handle(c *Context) {
    	n, params := r.getRoute(c.Method, c.Path)
    
    	if n != nil {
    		key := c.Method + "-" + n.pattern
    		c.Params = params
    		c.handlers = append(c.handlers, r.handlers[key])
    	} else {
    		c.handlers = append(c.handlers, func(c *Context) {
    			c.String(http.StatusNotFound, "404 NOT FOUND: %sn", c.Path)
    		})
    	}
    	c.Next()
    }
    

    context.go

    package gee
    
    import (
    	"encoding/json"
    	"fmt"
    	"net/http"
    )
    
    type H map[string]interface{}
    
    type Context struct {
    	// origin objects
    	Writer http.ResponseWriter
    	Req    *http.Request
    	// request info
    	Path   string
    	Method string
    	Params map[string]string
    	// response info
    	StatusCode int
    	// middleware
    	handlers []HandlerFunc
    	index    int
    }
    
    func newContext(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) *Context {
    	return &Context{
    		Path:   req.URL.Path,
    		Method: req.Method,
    		Req:    req,
    		Writer: w,
    		index:  -1,
    	}
    }
    
    func (c *Context) Next() {
    	c.index++
    	s := len(c.handlers)
    	for ; c.index < s; c.index++ {
    		c.handlers[c.index](c)
    	}
    }
    
    func (c *Context) Fail(code int, err string) {
    	c.index = len(c.handlers)
    	c.JSON(code, H{"message": err})
    }
    
    func (c *Context) Param(key string) string {
    	value, _ := c.Params[key]
    	return value
    }
    
    func (c *Context) PostForm(key string) string {
    	return c.Req.FormValue(key)
    }
    
    func (c *Context) Query(key string) string {
    	return c.Req.URL.Query().Get(key)
    }
    
    func (c *Context) Status(code int) {
    	c.StatusCode = code
    	c.Writer.WriteHeader(code)
    }
    
    func (c *Context) SetHeader(key string, value string) {
    	c.Writer.Header().Set(key, value)
    }
    
    func (c *Context) String(code int, format string, values ...interface{}) {
    	c.SetHeader("Content-Type", "text/plain")
    	c.Status(code)
    	c.Writer.Write([]byte(fmt.Sprintf(format, values...)))
    }
    
    func (c *Context) JSON(code int, obj interface{}) {
    	c.SetHeader("Content-Type", "application/json")
    	c.Status(code)
    	encoder := json.NewEncoder(c.Writer)
    	if err := encoder.Encode(obj); err != nil {
    		http.Error(c.Writer, err.Error(), 500)
    	}
    }
    
    func (c *Context) Data(code int, data []byte) {
    	c.Status(code)
    	c.Writer.Write(data)
    }
    
    func (c *Context) HTML(code int, html string) {
    	c.SetHeader("Content-Type", "text/html")
    	c.Status(code)
    	c.Writer.Write([]byte(html))
    }
    
    理解

    中间件由分组实现了嵌套,目前理解为多层hook

    测试

    gee.Logger()即我们一开始就介绍的中间件,我们将这个中间件和框架代码放在了一起,作为框架默认提供的中间件。在这个例子中,我们将gee.Logger()应用在了全局,所有的路由都会应用该中间件。onlyForV2()是用来测试功能的,仅在v2对应的 Group 中应用了。

    $ curl http://localhost:9999/
    

    Hello Gee

    $ go run main.go 2021/11/24 23:11:28 Route GET - / 2021/11/24 23:11:28 Route GET - /v2/hello/:name 2021/11/24 23:11:37 [200] / in 0s $ curl http://localhost:9999/v2/hello/nihao {"message":"Internal Server Error"} $ go run main.go 2021/11/24 23:11:28 Route GET - / 2021/11/24 23:11:28 Route GET - /v2/hello/:name 2021/11/24 23:12:30 [500] /v2/hello/nihao in 0s for group v2 2021/11/24 23:12:30 [500] /v2/hello/nihao in 0s
    web框架太难,优先级太低,以后有机会再学习
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