Protobuf（一）简介

Protocol Buffers （简称 Protobuf）是是 Google 开源的一款跨语言，跨平台，扩展性好的序列化工具，可简单类比于 XML，其具有以下特点：

• 语言无关、平台无关。即 ProtoBuf 支持 Java、C++、Python 等多种语言，支持多个平台
• 高效。即比 XML 更小（3 ~ 10倍）、更快（20 ~ 100倍）、更为简单
• 扩展性、兼容性好。你可以更新数据结构，而不影响和破坏原有的旧程序

序列化：将结构数据或对象转换成能够被存储和传输（例如网络传输）的格式，同时应当要保证这个序列化结果在之后（可能在另一个计算环境中）能够被重建回原来的结构数据或对象。
 

syntax = "proto3"
package tutorial;

message Person {
    string name = 1;
    int32 id = 2;
    string email = 3;

    enum PhoneType {
        MOBILE = 0;
        HOME = 1;
        WORK = 2;
    }

    message PhoneNumber {
        string number = 1;
        PhoneType type = 2 [default = HOME];
    }

    repeated PhoneNumber phone = 4;
}

message AddressBook {
    repeated Person person = 1;
}

protoc --proto_path=IMPORT_PATH --cpp_out=DST_DIR --java_out=DST_DIR --python_out=DST_DIR --go_out=DST_DIR --ruby_out=DST_DIR --objc_out=DST_DIR --csharp_out=DST_DIR path/to/file.proto

• IMPORT_PATH 指在.proto 文件中解析 import 指令时的查找目录路径。如果省略，则使用当前目录。通过多次传递参数--proto_path，可以实现在多个导入目录中按顺序查找。
  -I=IMPORT_PATH 是 --proto_path 的缩写形式。
• --XXX_out=DST_DIR ， 在目录 DST_DIR 中 生成 XXX类型的代码。
• path/to/file.proto 指定对哪个proto文件生成读写接口

比如，我们这里想要生成 C++ 的源码，那么执行：

protoc --cpp_out=. addressbook.proto

生成的文件：addressbook.pb.h, addressbook.pb.cc

addressbook.pb.h中可以看到您在 addressbook.proto 中指定的每条消息都有一个类。 编译器已经为每个字段生成了操作方法，例如 Person 类，

  // name
  inline bool has_name() const;
  inline void clear_name();
  inline const ::std::string& name() const;
  inline void set_name(const ::std::string& value);
  inline void set_name(const char* value);
  inline ::std::string* mutable_name();

  // id
  inline bool has_id() const;
  inline void clear_id();
  inline int32_t id() const;
  inline void set_id(int32_t value);

  // email
  inline bool has_email() const;
  inline void clear_email();
  inline const ::std::string& email() const;
  inline void set_email(const ::std::string& value);
  inline void set_email(const char* value);
  inline ::std::string* mutable_email();

  // phones
  inline int phones_size() const;
  inline void clear_phones();
  inline const ::google::protobuf::RepeatedPtrField< ::tutorial::Person_PhoneNumber >& phones() const;
  inline ::google::protobuf::RepeatedPtrField< ::tutorial::Person_PhoneNumber >* mutable_phones();
  inline const ::tutorial::Person_PhoneNumber& phones(int index) const;
  inline ::tutorial::Person_PhoneNumber* mutable_phones(int index);
  inline ::tutorial::Person_PhoneNumber* add_phones();

2.3.1、写message

#include 
#include 
#include 
#include "addressbook.pb.h"
using namespace std;

// This function fills in a Person message based on user input.
void PromptForAddress(tutorial::Person* person) {
  cout << "Enter person ID number: ";
  int id;
  cin >> id;
  person->set_id(id);
  cin.ignore(256, 'n');

  cout << "Enter name: ";
  getline(cin, *person->mutable_name());

  cout << "Enter email address (blank for none): ";
  string email;
  getline(cin, email);
  if (!email.empty()) {
    person->set_email(email);
  }

  while (true) {
    cout << "Enter a phone number (or leave blank to finish): ";
    string number;
    getline(cin, number);
    if (number.empty()) {
      break;
    }

    tutorial::Person::PhoneNumber* phone_number = person->add_phones();
    phone_number->set_number(number);

    cout << "Is this a mobile, home, or work phone? ";
    string type;
    getline(cin, type);
    if (type == "mobile") {
      phone_number->set_type(tutorial::Person::MOBILE);
    } else if (type == "home") {
      phone_number->set_type(tutorial::Person::HOME);
    } else if (type == "work") {
      phone_number->set_type(tutorial::Person::WORK);
    } else {
      cout << "Unknown phone type.  Using default." << endl;
    }
  }
}

// Main function:  Reads the entire address book from a file,
//   adds one person based on user input, then writes it back out to the same
//   file.
int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
  // Verify that the version of the library that we linked against is
  // compatible with the version of the headers we compiled against.
  GOOGLE_PROTOBUF_VERIFY_VERSION;

  if (argc != 2) {
    cerr << "Usage:  " << argv[0] << " ADDRESS_BOOK_FILE" << endl;
    return -1;
  }

  tutorial::AddressBook address_book;

  {
    // Read the existing address book.
    fstream input(argv[1], ios::in | ios::binary);
    if (!input) {
      cout << argv[1] << ": File not found.  Creating a new file." << endl;
    } else if (!address_book.ParseFromIstream(&input)) {
      cerr << "Failed to parse address book." << endl;
      return -1;
    }
  }

  // Add an address.
  PromptForAddress(address_book.add_people());

  {
    // Write the new address book back to disk.
    fstream output(argv[1], ios::out | ios::trunc | ios::binary);
    if (!address_book.SerializeToOstream(&output)) {
      cerr << "Failed to write address book." << endl;
      return -1;
    }
  }

  // Optional:  Delete all global objects allocated by libprotobuf.
  google::protobuf::ShutdownProtobufLibrary();

  return 0;
}

2.3.2、读message

#include 
#include 
#include 
#include "addressbook.pb.h"
using namespace std;

// Iterates though all people in the AddressBook and prints info about them.
void ListPeople(const tutorial::AddressBook& address_book) {
  for (int i = 0; i < address_book.people_size(); i++) {
    const tutorial::Person& person = address_book.people(i);

    cout << "Person ID: " << person.id() << endl;
    cout << "  Name: " << person.name() << endl;
    if (person.has_email()) {
      cout << "  E-mail address: " << person.email() << endl;
    }

    for (int j = 0; j < person.phones_size(); j++) {
      const tutorial::Person::PhoneNumber& phone_number = person.phones(j);

      switch (phone_number.type()) {
        case tutorial::Person::MOBILE:
          cout << "  Mobile phone #: ";
          break;
        case tutorial::Person::HOME:
          cout << "  Home phone #: ";
          break;
        case tutorial::Person::WORK:
          cout << "  Work phone #: ";
          break;
      }
      cout << phone_number.number() << endl;
    }
  }
}

// Main function:  Reads the entire address book from a file and prints all
//   the information inside.
int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
  // Verify that the version of the library that we linked against is
  // compatible with the version of the headers we compiled against.
  GOOGLE_PROTOBUF_VERIFY_VERSION;

  if (argc != 2) {
    cerr << "Usage:  " << argv[0] << " ADDRESS_BOOK_FILE" << endl;
    return -1;
  }

  tutorial::AddressBook address_book;

  {
    // Read the existing address book.
    fstream input(argv[1], ios::in | ios::binary);
    if (!address_book.ParseFromIstream(&input)) {
      cerr << "Failed to parse address book." << endl;
      return -1;
    }
  }

  ListPeople(address_book);

  // Optional:  Delete all global objects allocated by libprotobuf.
  google::protobuf::ShutdownProtobufLibrary();

  return 0;
}

ref：

Protocol Buffers  |  Google Developers

Protocol Buffer Basics: C++  |  Protocol Buffers  |  Google Developers

深入 ProtoBuf - 简介 - 简书

Protobuf通信协议详解：代码演示、详细原理介绍等 - 知乎

Proto3语法入门 - 自己有自己的调调、 - 博客园