nginx学习笔记

一、nginx常用命令

查看版本号

[root@localhost sbin]# ./nginx -v
nginx version: nginx/1.21.6

查看nginx状态

[root@localhost sbin]# ps -ef | grep nginx
nginx      1218   1126  0 05:31 ?        00:00:00 php-fpm: pool www
nginx      1219   1126  0 05:31 ?        00:00:00 php-fpm: pool www
nginx      1220   1126  0 05:31 ?        00:00:00 php-fpm: pool www
nginx      1223   1126  0 05:31 ?        00:00:00 php-fpm: pool www
nginx      1227   1126  0 05:31 ?        00:00:00 php-fpm: pool www
root       6725   5310  0 05:48 pts/0    00:00:00 grep --color=auto nginx
[root@localhost sbin]#

二、nginx配置文件
位置/usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
配置文件主要分为以下几个部分

全局块：配置影响nginx服务器整体运行的指令。比如nginx服务器的用户组，nginx进程pid存放路径，日志存放路径，配置文件引入，允许生成worker process数等
events块：配置影响nginx服务器或与用户的网络连接
http块：可以嵌套多个server，配置代理，缓存，日志定义等绝大多数功能和第三方模块的配置。如文件引入，mime-type定义，日志自定义，是否使用sendfile传输文件，连接超时时间，单连接请求数等。这是服务器配置最频繁的部分

三、nginx配置实例1 反向代理
实现效果：打开浏览器，在浏览器地址栏输入地址www.123.com，跳转到linux系统tomcat主页面中

linux系统安装tomcat，使用默认端口8080

进入192.168.184.138，下载tomcat包并进行解压

[root@localhost ~]# cd /usr/local/src
[root@localhost src]# wget https://dlcdn.apache.org/tomcat/tomcat-9/v9.0.62/bin/apache-tomcat-9.0.62.exe
[root@localhost src]# tar -xvf apache-tomcat-9.0.62tar.gz
[root@localhost src]# ls
apache-tomcat-9.0.62  apache-tomcat-9.0.62.tar.gz  cmake-3.21.0  cmake-3.21.0.tar.gz  nginx-1.21.6  nginx-1.21.6.tar.gz  php-7.3.17  php-7.3.17.tar.gz
[root@localhost src]#

查看jdk环境，系统自带一个，就不进行重装了

[root@localhost src]# java -version
openjdk version "1.8.0_262"
OpenJDK Runtime Environment (build 1.8.0_262-b10)
OpenJDK 64-Bit Server VM (build 25.262-b10, mixed mode)
[root@localhost src]#

进入bin目录启动tomcat服务

[root@localhost src]# cd apache-tomcat-9.0.62
[root@localhost apache-tomcat-9.0.62]# ls
bin  BUILDING.txt  conf  CONTRIBUTING.md  lib  LICENSE  logs  NOTICE  README.md  RELEASE-NOTES  RUNNING.txt  temp  webapps  work
[root@localhost apache-tomcat-9.0.62]# cd bin
[root@localhost bin]# ls
bootstrap.jar  catalina-tasks.xml  commons-daemon.jar            configtest.sh  digest.sh     setclasspath.bat  shutdown.sh  tomcat-juli.jar       tool-wrapper.sh
catalina.bat   ciphers.bat         commons-daemon-native.tar.gz  daemon.sh      makebase.bat  setclasspath.sh   startup.bat  tomcat-native.tar.gz  version.bat
catalina.sh    ciphers.sh          configtest.bat                digest.bat     makebase.sh   shutdown.bat      startup.sh   tool-wrapper.bat      version.sh
[root@localhost bin]# ./startup.sh
Using CATALINA_BASE:   /usr/local/src/apache-tomcat-9.0.62
Using CATALINA_HOME:   /usr/local/src/apache-tomcat-9.0.62
Using CATALINA_TMPDIR: /usr/local/src/apache-tomcat-9.0.62/temp
Using JRE_HOME:        /usr
Using CLASSPATH:       /usr/local/src/apache-tomcat-9.0.62/bin/bootstrap.jar:/usr/local/src/apache-tomcat-9.0.62/bin/tomcat-juli.jar
Using CATALINA_OPTS:   
Tomcat started.
[root@localhost bin]#

查看日志看是否启动成功

[root@localhost bin]# cd ..
[root@localhost apache-tomcat-9.0.62]# cd logs
[root@localhost logs]# ls
catalina.2022-05-11.log  catalina.out  host-manager.2022-05-11.log  localhost.2022-05-11.log  localhost_access_log.2022-05-11.txt  manager.2022-05-11.log
[root@localhost logs]# tail -f catalina.out
11-May-2022 19:16:29.350 INFO [main] org.apache.catalina.startup.HostConfig.deployDirectory Deploying web application directory [/usr/local/src/apache-tomcat-9.0.62/webapps/docs]
11-May-2022 19:16:29.366 INFO [main] org.apache.catalina.startup.HostConfig.deployDirectory Deployment of web application directory [/usr/local/src/apache-tomcat-9.0.62/webapps/docs] has finished in [15] ms
11-May-2022 19:16:29.366 INFO [main] org.apache.catalina.startup.HostConfig.deployDirectory Deploying web application directory [/usr/local/src/apache-tomcat-9.0.62/webapps/examples]
11-May-2022 19:16:29.576 INFO [main] org.apache.catalina.startup.HostConfig.deployDirectory Deployment of web application directory [/usr/local/src/apache-tomcat-9.0.62/webapps/examples] has finished in [209] ms
11-May-2022 19:16:29.576 INFO [main] org.apache.catalina.startup.HostConfig.deployDirectory Deploying web application directory [/usr/local/src/apache-tomcat-9.0.62/webapps/host-manager]
11-May-2022 19:16:29.595 INFO [main] org.apache.catalina.startup.HostConfig.deployDirectory Deployment of web application directory [/usr/local/src/apache-tomcat-9.0.62/webapps/host-manager] has finished in [19] ms
11-May-2022 19:16:29.595 INFO [main] org.apache.catalina.startup.HostConfig.deployDirectory Deploying web application directory [/usr/local/src/apache-tomcat-9.0.62/webapps/manager]
11-May-2022 19:16:29.632 INFO [main] org.apache.catalina.startup.HostConfig.deployDirectory Deployment of web application directory [/usr/local/src/apache-tomcat-9.0.62/webapps/manager] has finished in [37] ms
11-May-2022 19:16:29.635 INFO [main] org.apache.coyote.AbstractProtocol.start Starting ProtocolHandler ["http-nio-8080"]
11-May-2022 19:16:29.646 INFO [main] org.apache.catalina.startup.Catalina.start Server startup in [529] milliseconds

开放8080端口，其他端口已经提前开了，比如80/tcp 8081/tcp 8082/tcp 9001/tcp

[root@localhost logs]# firewall-cmd --add-port=8080/tcp --permanent
success
[root@localhost logs]# systemctl restart firewalld
[root@localhost logs]# firewall-cmd --reload
success
 [root@localhost conf]# firewall-cmd --list-all
public (active)
  target: default
  icmp-block-inversion: no
  interfaces: ens33
  sources: 
  services: dhcpv6-client http ssh
  ports: 8080/tcp 80/tcp 8081/tcp 8082/tcp 9001/tcp
  protocols: 
  masquerade: no
  forward-ports: 
  source-ports: 
  icmp-blocks: 
  rich rules: 
	
You have new mail in /var/spool/mail/root
[root@localhost conf]#

在本地浏览器输入http://192.168.184.138:8080，查看是否安装成功

对windows的host文件进行配置，配置域名www.123.com映射的ip地址

找到host文件，进行编辑，最后一行加上ip 域名

在nginx进行请求转发的配置（即反向代理配置）

找到nginx配置文件/usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf

[root@localhost src]# cd /usr/local/nginx/conf
[root@localhost conf]# ls
fastcgi.conf          fastcgi_params          koi-utf  mime.types          nginx.conf          scgi_params          uwsgi_params          win-utf
fastcgi.conf.default  fastcgi_params.default  koi-win  mime.types.default  nginx.conf.default  scgi_params.default  uwsgi_params.default
[root@localhost conf]# vim nginx.conf

把sever_name改成192.168.184.138
在location中添加proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:8080;

启动nginx进行测试，在启动时报错nginx: [emerg] bind() to 0.0.0.0:80 failed (98: Address already in use)，是因为80端口被占用，使用fuser -k 80/tcp杀死进程即可

[root@localhost conf]#  /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx
nginx: [emerg] bind() to 0.0.0.0:80 failed (98: Address already in use)
nginx: [emerg] bind() to 0.0.0.0:80 failed (98: Address already in use)
nginx: [emerg] bind() to 0.0.0.0:80 failed (98: Address already in use)
nginx: [emerg] bind() to 0.0.0.0:80 failed (98: Address already in use)
nginx: [emerg] bind() to 0.0.0.0:80 failed (98: Address already in use)
nginx: [emerg] still could not bind()
[root@localhost conf]# fuser -k 80/tcp
80/tcp:               1156  1222  1224  1225  1226 11227 11228 11231 11232 11233 11234
[root@localhost conf]#  /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx
[root@localhost conf]# ps -ef | grep nginx
nginx      1227   1127  0 19:01 ?        00:00:00 php-fpm: pool www
nginx      1230   1127  0 19:01 ?        00:00:00 php-fpm: pool www
nginx      1231   1127  0 19:01 ?        00:00:00 php-fpm: pool www
nginx      1233   1127  0 19:01 ?        00:00:00 php-fpm: pool www
nginx      1236   1127  0 19:01 ?        00:00:00 php-fpm: pool www
root      19547      1  0 20:20 ?        00:00:00 nginx: master process /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx
nobody    19548  19547  0 20:20 ?        00:00:00 nginx: worker process
root      20151   3779  0 20:23 pts/1    00:00:00 grep --color=auto nginx
[root@localhost conf]#

浏览器进行测试，www.123.com直接访问的是192.168.184.138:80，即nginx的80端口，而通过80端口，nginx转发到了8080端口，所以访问到了tomcat的192.168.184.138:8080

四、nginx配置实例2 反向代理
实现效果：使用nginx反向代理，根据访问的路径跳转到不同端口的服务中
nginx监听端口为9001
访问http://http://192.168.184.139:9001/edu/ 直接跳转到127.0.0.1:8080
访问http://http://192.168.184.139:9001/vod/ 直接跳转到127.0.0.1:8081

准备两个tomcat服务器，一个8080端口，一个8081端口

8080的刚才已经弄好了，所以再准备一个8081就可以
在/usr/local/src下新建一个tomcat8081文件夹，放入tomcat安装包并进行解压
修改这个tomcat的配置文件/usr/local/src/tomcat8081/apache-tomcat-9.0.62/conf/server.xml，把端口改成8081

[root@localhost apache-tomcat-9.0.62]# cd conf
[root@localhost conf]# ls -al
total 232
drwx------. 2 root root    238 Mar 31 07:34 .
drwxr-xr-x. 9 root root    220 May 12 00:27 ..
-rw-------. 1 root root  12953 Mar 31 07:34 catalina.policy
-rw-------. 1 root root   7308 Mar 31 07:34 catalina.properties
-rw-------. 1 root root   1400 Mar 31 07:34 context.xml
-rw-------. 1 root root   1149 Mar 31 07:34 jaspic-providers.xml
-rw-------. 1 root root   2313 Mar 31 07:34 jaspic-providers.xsd
-rw-------. 1 root root   4144 Mar 31 07:34 logging.properties
-rw-------. 1 root root   7580 Mar 31 07:34 server.xml
-rw-------. 1 root root   2756 Mar 31 07:34 tomcat-users.xml
-rw-------. 1 root root   2558 Mar 31 07:34 tomcat-users.xsd
-rw-------. 1 root root 172359 Mar 31 07:34 web.xml
[root@localhost conf]# vim server.xml

修改后启动tomcat

[root@localhost conf]# vim server.xml
[root@localhost conf]# cd ..
[root@localhost apache-tomcat-9.0.62]# cd bin
[root@localhost bin]# ls
bootstrap.jar  catalina-tasks.xml  commons-daemon.jar            configtest.sh  digest.sh     setclasspath.bat  shutdown.sh  tomcat-juli.jar       tool-wrapper.sh
catalina.bat   ciphers.bat         commons-daemon-native.tar.gz  daemon.sh      makebase.bat  setclasspath.sh   startup.bat  tomcat-native.tar.gz  version.bat
catalina.sh    ciphers.sh          configtest.bat                digest.bat     makebase.sh   shutdown.bat      startup.sh   tool-wrapper.bat      version.sh
[root@localhost bin]# ./startup.sh
Using CATALINA_BASE:   /usr/local/src/tomcat8081/apache-tomcat-9.0.62
Using CATALINA_HOME:   /usr/local/src/tomcat8081/apache-tomcat-9.0.62
Using CATALINA_TMPDIR: /usr/local/src/tomcat8081/apache-tomcat-9.0.62/temp
Using JRE_HOME:        /usr
Using CLASSPATH:       /usr/local/src/tomcat8081/apache-tomcat-9.0.62/bin/bootstrap.jar:/usr/local/src/tomcat8081/apache-tomcat-9.0.62/bin/tomcat-juli.jar
Using CATALINA_OPTS:   
Tomcat started.
[root@localhost bin]#

在浏览器看看8080和8081能否访问

创建文件夹和测试页面
tomcat8080下的webapps创建一个edu文件夹
tomcat8081下的webapps创建一个vod文件夹

[root@localhost bin]# cd /usr/local/src/apache-tomcat-9.0.62/webapps
[root@localhost webapps]# mkdir edu
[root@localhost webapps]# cd /usr/local/src/tomcat8081/apache-tomcat-9.0.62/webapps
[root@localhost webapps]# mkdir vod
[root@localhost webapps]#

在两个webapp下分别写两个html文件进行测试

8081的也类似

找到nginx的配置文件/usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf进行配置

添加这部分代码

记得开放端口号，这里之前已经开放过了

[root@localhost conf]# firewall-cmd --list-all
public (active)
  target: default
  icmp-block-inversion: no
  interfaces: ens33
  sources: 
  services: dhcpv6-client http ssh
  ports: 8080/tcp 80/tcp 8081/tcp 8082/tcp 9001/tcp
  protocols: 
  masquerade: no
  forward-ports: 
  source-ports: 
  icmp-blocks: 
  rich rules: 
	
[root@localhost conf]#

重启nginx

[root@localhost conf]# cd /usr/local/nginx
[root@localhost nginx]# cd sbin
[root@localhost sbin]# ls
nginx
[root@localhost sbin]# ./nginx -s stop
[root@localhost sbin]# ./nginx
[root@localhost sbin]#

在浏览器中输入网址测试

五、nginx配置实例3 负载均衡
实现效果：浏览器地址栏输入地址http://192.168.184.139:9001/edu/a.html，负载均衡效果，平均8080和8081端口中

准备两台tomcat服务器，一台8080，一台8081
这点在前面就准备过了，所以不用管了
在两台tomcat里面webapp目录中，创建名称是edu的文件夹，在edu文件夹中创建页面a.html，用于测试
在nginx配置文件中进行配置

[root@localhost ~]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf

在http中添加一个模块

再修改server部分

重启nginx

[root@localhost ~]# cd /usr/local/nginx/
[root@localhost nginx]# ls
client_body_temp  conf  fastcgi_temp  html  logs  proxy_temp  sbin  scgi_temp  uwsgi_temp
[root@localhost nginx]# cd sbin
[root@localhost sbin]# ls
nginx
[root@localhost sbin]# ./nginx -s stop
[root@localhost sbin]# ./nginx
[root@localhost sbin]#

在浏览器中输入网址进行测试

刷新一下

再刷新又显示8080，可以看出请求分担到8080和8081中了

nginx分配服务器策略

轮询：这种方式是默认的分配方式，每个请求按时间顺序挨个分配到不同的后端服务器，如果出现某一台后端服务器down掉的情况，会自动进行剔除。
weight：即权重分配，权重越大，服务器被分配的客户端请求就越多，默认weight是1
ip_hash：每个请求按访问ip的hash结果分配，每个访客就会固定访问一个后端服务器，可以解决session共享的问题
fair（第三方）：这种分配方式是按服务器的响应时间来分配请求的，响应时间短的优先分配

六、nginx配置实例4 动静分离
动静分离的目的是提高网站的响应速度，减轻程序服务器（Tomcat，Jboss等）的负载，对于静态资源，如图片、js、css等文件，可以在反向代理服务器中进行缓存，这样浏览器在请求一个静态资源时，代理服务器就可以直接处理，而不用将请求转发给后端服务器。对于用户请求的动态文件，如servlet、jsp，则转发给Tomcat，Jboss服务器处理，这就是动静分离。
常用方法是把静态文件设立成单独的域名，放在独立的服务器上

1.在linux系统中准备静态资源，用于后期访问

根目录下新建一个文件夹data，data下新建两个目录www和image，www下放一个html文件，image下放一个图片

[root@localhost ~]# cd /
[root@localhost /]# ls
bin  boot  dev  etc  home  lib  lib64  media  mnt  opt  proc  root  run  sbin  srv  sys  tmp  usr  var
[root@localhost /]# mkdir data
[root@localhost /]# cd data
[root@localhost data]# mkdir www
[root@lo.calhost data]# mkdir image
[root@localhost data]# ls
image  www
[root@localhost data]#

2.修改nginx配置文件 vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf

autoindex on的作用就是在访问 /image 时，可以显示目录里面的内容
3.重启nginx
4.浏览器进行测试
https://192.168.184.139/image/1.jpg
https://192.168.184.139/www/a.html

nginx学习笔记

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