#include#include using namespace std; static int objectCount = 0; class HowMany { public: HowMany() { objectCount++; print("HowMany()"); } void print(const string& msg="") { if (msg.size() != 0)cout << msg << ":"; cout << "objectCount = " << objectCount << endl; } ~HowMany() { objectCount--; print("~HowMany()"); } }; HowMany f(HowMany x) { cout << "begin of f()" << endl; x.print("x argument inside f()"); cout << "end of f()" << endl; return x; } int main() { HowMany h; h.print("after construction of h"); HowMany h2 = f(h);//没调用默认构造函数,但f()运行完调用了一次析构,所以f()运行时一定也调用了默认构造函数,只是我们没看到 //h2的创建也绕过了默认构造函数 h.print("after call to f()"); return 0; }
#include#include using namespace std; static int objectCount = 0; class HowMany { public: HowMany() { objectCount++; print("HowMany()"); } void print(const string& msg="") { if (msg.size() != 0)cout << msg << ":"; cout << "objectCount = " << objectCount << endl; } ~HowMany() { objectCount--; print("~HowMany()"); } }; HowMany f(HowMany x) { cout << "begin of f()" << endl; x.print("x argument inside f()"); cout << "end of f()" << endl; return x; } int main() { HowMany h; h.print("after construction of h"); //HowMany h2 = f(h);//没调用默认构造函数,但f()运行完调用了一次析构,所以f()运行时一定也调用了默认构造函数,只是我们没看到 //h2的创建也绕过了默认构造函数 HowMany h3 = h;//用h构造出一个新的h3,但是构造时没有经过默认构造函数 h.print("after call to f()"); //最后又调用了两次析构 return 0; }
#include#include using namespace std; static int objectCount = 0; class HowMany { public: HowMany() { objectCount++; print("HowMany()"); } HowMany(int i) { objectCount++; print("HowMany(int)"); } void print(const string& msg="") { if (msg.size() != 0)cout << msg << ":"; cout << "objectCount = " << objectCount << endl; } ~HowMany() { objectCount--; print("~HowMany()"); } }; HowMany f(HowMany x) { cout << "begin of f()" << endl; x.print("x argument inside f()"); cout << "end of f()" << endl; return x; } int main() { HowMany h; h.print("after construction of h"); HowMany h2 = 10; //HowMany h2(10);//同上,在c++中初始化对象用 () 或 = 是等价的 //最后又调用了两次析构 return 0; }
#include#include using namespace std; static int objectCount = 0; class HowMany { public: HowMany() { objectCount++; print("HowMany()"); } HowMany(int i) { objectCount++; print("HowMany(int)"); } HowMany(const HowMany& o) { objectCount++; print("HowMany(HowMany)"); } void print(const string& msg="") { if (msg.size() != 0)cout << msg << ":"; cout << "objectCount = " << objectCount << endl; } ~HowMany() { objectCount--; print("~HowMany()"); } }; HowMany f(HowMany x) { cout << "begin of f()" << endl; x.print("x argument inside f()"); cout << "end of f()" << endl; return x; } int main() { HowMany h; h.print("after construction of h"); HowMany h2 = h; //最后又调用了两次析构 return 0; }
#include#include using namespace std; static int objectCount = 0; class HowMany { public: HowMany() { objectCount++; print("HowMany()"); } HowMany(int i) { objectCount++; print("HowMany(int)"); } HowMany(const HowMany& o) { objectCount++; print("HowMany(HowMany)"); } void print(const string& msg="") { if (msg.size() != 0)cout << msg << ":"; cout << "objectCount = " << objectCount << endl; } ~HowMany() { objectCount--; print("~HowMany()"); } }; HowMany f(HowMany x) { cout << "begin of f()" << endl; x.print("x argument inside f()"); cout << "end of f()" << endl; return x; } int main() { HowMany h; h.print("after construction of h"); HowMany h2 = f(h); //最后又调用了三次析构 return 0; }
HowMany(const HowMany& )叫做 拷贝构造 函数。
拷贝构造 函数:成员级别的拷贝(不是字节对字节的拷贝),成员里有其它类的成员,继续调用其它类的拷贝构造进行拷贝,没有显示给出就会调用默认的。
调用默认拷贝,如果有指针,两个指针指向同一块内存;如果有引用,两个引用绑定同一个变量。
Copy pointer:
#ifndef PERSON_H_
#define PERSON_H_
class Person
{
public:
Person(const char* s);//构造函数
~Person();//析构函数
void print();//函数原型,没有实际body,有一些什么样的函数
//...
//private:
char* name ;//数据成员 char* instead of string
//...
};
#endif // !PERSON_H_
//person.h
#include "person.h" #include#include using namespace std; //在.cpp文件中定义在.h文件中声明的那些东西的实体 Person::Person(const char* s) { name = new char[::strlen(s)+1]; ::strcpy(name,s); } Person::~Person() { //delete[] name; } void Person::print() { cout << "something" << endl; } //person.cpp
#include#include "person.h" using namespace std; int main() { Person p1("Jhon"); Person p2 = p1;//Person p2(p1); printf("p1.name=%pn", p1.name); printf("p2.name=%pn", p2.name); return 0; } //main.cpp
指向同一块内存:
p1 和 p2 指向同一块内存,即 Copy pointer,而我们想要 Copy entire block。
Copy entire block :
#ifndef PERSON_H_
#define PERSON_H_
class Person
{
public:
Person(const char* s);//构造函数
Person(const Person& w);//拷贝构造函数
~Person();//析构函数
void print();//函数原型,没有实际body,有一些什么样的函数
//...
//private:
char* name ;//数据成员 char* instead of string
//...
};
#endif // !PERSON_H_
//person.h
#include "person.h" #include#include using namespace std; //在.cpp文件中定义在.h文件中声明的那些东西的实体 Person::Person(const char* s) { name = new char[::strlen(s)+1]; ::strcpy(name,s); } Person::Person(const Person& w) { name = new char[::strlen(w.name) + 1]; ::strcpy(name, w.name); } Person::~Person() { //delete[] name; } void Person::print() { cout << "something" << endl; } //person.cpp
#include#include "person.h" using namespace std; int main() { Person p1("Jhon"); Person p2 = p1;//Person p2(p1); printf("p1.name=%pn", p1.name); printf("p2.name=%pn", p2.name); return 0; } //main.cpp
指向不同内存:
什么时候发生拷贝构造:初始化的时候。
什么时候调用拷贝构造:1.函数参数是一个对象的时候,隐藏调用。2.初始化时。3.函数返回一个对象时。
一个 类 最好自己写出这三个函数: 默认构造函数、 virtual 析构函数、拷贝构造。
拷贝构造是私有的,别人就不能拷贝构造你的对象了,即别人设计一个函数,函数的参数不能是你的类的对象的本身,* 和 & 还是可以的。



