这个问题比眼前的问题还重要。我们将从显而易见的内容开始:
eval具有执行“脏”数据的潜力。脏数据是指尚未重写为XYZ的任何数据;在我们的例子中,它是未格式化的任何字符串,以确保评估安全。
乍看之下,对数据进行消毒似乎很容易。假设我们要抛出一个选项列表,bash已经提供了一种清除单个元素的好方法,以及另一种将整个数组作为单个字符串进行清理的方法:
function println{ # Send each element as a separate argument, starting with the second element. # Arguments to printf: # 1 -> "$1n" # 2 -> "$2" # 3 -> "$3" # 4 -> "$4" # etc. printf "$1n" "${@:2}"}function error{ # Send the first element as one argument, and the rest of the elements as a combined argument. # Arguments to println: # 1 -> 'e[31mError (%d): %se[m' # 2 -> "$1" # 3 -> "${*:2}" println 'e[31mError (%d): %se[m' "$1" "${*:2}" exit "$1"}# This...error 1234 Something went wrong.# And this...error 1234 'Something went wrong.'# Result in the same output (as long as $IFS has not been modified).现在说我们要添加一个选项以将输出重定向为println的参数。当然,我们可以只在每次调用时重定向println的输出,但是出于示例的目的,我们不会这样做。我们需要使用
eval,因为变量不能用于重定向输出。
function println{ eval printf "$2n" "${@:3}" $1}function error{ println '>&2' 'e[31mError (%d): %se[m' "$1" "${*:2}" exit $1}error 1234 Something went wrong.看起来不错吧?问题是,eval解析了两次命令行(在任何shell中)。在第一次解析时,将删除一层报价。删除引号后,将执行一些可变内容。
我们可以通过在中进行变量扩展来解决此问题
eval。我们要做的就是将所有内容都单引号,将双引号留在原处。一个例外:我们必须在之前扩展重定向
eval,因此必须将其排除在引号之外:
function println{ eval 'printf "$2n" "${@:3}"' $1}function error{ println '&2' 'e[31mError (%d): %se[m' "$1" "${*:2}" exit $1}error 1234 Something went wrong.这应该工作。只要
$1in
println从不脏,它也是安全的。
现在稍等片刻:我一直使用与我们一直使用的相同的 未引用 语法
sudo!为什么在这里而不是在这里工作?为什么我们必须将所有内容都单引号?
sudo有点现代:它知道将收到的每个参数都用引号引起来,尽管这过于简单了。
eval简单地将所有内容连接在一起。
不幸的是,没有内置的替代品可以
eval像实参一样处理参数
sudo,
eval内置的shell
也不例外。这很重要,因为它在执行时会考虑周围代码的环境和范围,而不是像函数那样创建新的堆栈和范围。
评估替代
特定的用例通常可以替代
eval。这是一个方便的清单。
command代表您通常发送给的内容
eval;随便你。
无操作
一个简单的冒号在bash中是不可操作的:
:
创建一个子外壳
( command ) # Standard notation
执行命令输出
切勿依赖外部命令。您应该始终控制返回值。将它们放在自己的行上:
$(command) # Preferred`command` # Old: should be avoided, and often considered deprecated# Nesting:$(command1 "$(command2)")`command "`command`"` # Careful: only escapes $ and with old style, and # special case ` results in nesting.
基于变量的重定向
在调用代码时,将
&3(或高于的任何内容
&2)映射到您的目标:
exec 3<&0 # Redirect from stdinexec 3>&1 # Redirect to stdoutexec 3>&2 # Redirect to stderrexec 3> /dev/null # Don't save output anywhereexec 3> file.txt # Redirect to fileexec 3> "$var" # Redirect to file stored in $var--only works for files!exec 3<&0 4>&1 # Input and output!
如果是一次调用,则不必重定向整个shell:
func arg1 arg2 3>&2
在调用的函数内,重定向到
&3:
command <&3 # Redirect stdincommand >&3 # Redirect stdoutcommand 2>&3 # Redirect stderrcommand &>&3 # Redirect stdout and stderrcommand 2>&1 >&3 # idem, but for older bash versionscommand >&3 2>&1 # Redirect stdout to &3, and stderr to stdout: order matterscommand <&3 >&4 # Input and output!
变量间接
场景:
VAR='1 2 3'REF=VAR
坏:
eval "echo "$$REF""
为什么?如果REF包含双引号,这将中断并打开代码以供利用。可以对REF进行消毒,但是当您使用以下代码时会浪费时间:
echo "${!REF}"没错,bash从版本2开始就内置了变量间接寻址。与
eval您想做更复杂的事情相比,它有点棘手:
# Add to scenario:VAR_2='4 5 6'# We could use:local ref="${REF}_2"echo "${!ref}"# Versus the bash < 2 method, which might be simpler to those accustomed to eval:eval "echo "$${REF}_2""无论如何,新方法都更直观,尽管对于习惯了这种编程的经验丰富的程序员来说似乎不是那样
eval。
关联数组
关联数组在bash 4中内部实现。一个警告:它们必须使用创建
declare。
declare -A VAR # Localdeclare -gA VAR # Global# Use spaces between parentheses and contents; I've heard reports of subtle bugs# on some versions when they are omitted having to do with spaces in keys.declare -A VAR=( ['']='a' [0]='1' ['duck']='quack' )VAR+=( ['alpha']='beta' [2]=3 ) # Combine arraysVAR['cow']='moo' # Set a single elementunset VAR['cow'] # Unset a single elementunset VAR # Unset an entire arrayunset VAR[@] # Unset an entire arrayunset VAR[*] # Unset each element with a key corresponding to a file in the # current directory; if * doesn't expand, unset the entire arraylocal KEYS=( "${!VAR[@]}" ) # Get all of the keys in VAR在较早版本的bash中,可以使用变量间接寻址:
VAR=( ) # This will store our keys.# Store a value with a simple key.# You will need to declare it in a global scope to make it global prior to bash 4.# In bash 4, use the -g option.declare "VAR_$key"="$value"VAR+="$key"# Or, if your version is lacking +=VAR=( "$VAR[@]" "$key" )# Recover a simple value.local var_key="VAR_$key" # The name of the variable that holds the valuelocal var_value="${!var_key}" # The actual value--requires bash 2# For < bash 2, eval is required for this method. Safe as long as $key is not dirty.local var_value="`eval echo -n "$$var_value""# If you don't need to enumerate the indices quickly, and you're on bash 2+, this# can be cut down to one line per operation:declare "VAR_$key"="$value" # Storeecho "`var_key="VAR_$key" echo -n "${!var_key}"`" # Retrieve# If you're using more complex values, you'll need to hash your keys:function mkkey{ local key="`mkpasswd -5R0 "$1" 00000000`" echo -n "${key##*$}"}local var_key="VAR_`mkkey "$key"`"# ...


