Because a reference must refer to an object, C++ requires that references be initialized.
Notice that there is no such thing as a null reference.
Another important difference between pointers and references is that pointers may be reassigned to refer to different objects. A reference, however, always refers to the object with which it is initialized
In general, you should use a pointer whenever you need to take into account the possibility that there’s nothing to refer to (in which case you can set the pointer to null) or whenever you need to be able to refer to different things at different times (in which case you can change where the pointer points). You should use a reference whenever you know there will always be an object to refer to and you also know that once you’re referring to that object, you’ll never want to refer to anything else
Other occassions: you’ll almost always want operator[] to return a reference.
