概述本文翻译自：http://datawhatnow.com/things-you-are-probably-not-using-in-python-3-but-should/
原文作者：Vinko Kodžoman
由于Python2的官方维护期即将结束，越来越多的Python项目从Python2切换到了Python3。可是，在实际的工作中，我发现好多人都是在用Python2的思维去写Python3的代码，Python3给我们提供了很多新的、很方便的特性，可以帮助我们快速的编写代码。
f-strings (3.6+)在Python里面，我们经常使用format函数来格式化字符串，例如：
user = "Jane Doe"
action = "buy"
log_message = 'User {} has logged in and did an action {}.'.format(
user,
action
)
print(log_message)
输出：User Jane Doe has logged in and did an action buy.
Python3里面提供了一个更加灵活方便的方法来格式化字符串，叫做f-strings。上面的代码可以这样实现:
user = "Jane Doe"
action = "buy"
log_message = f'User {user} has logged in and did an action {action}.'
print(log_message)
输出: User Jane Doe has logged in and did an action buy.
Pathlib (3.4+)
f-strings这个功能太方便了，但是对于文件路劲这样的字符串，Python还提供了更加方便的处理方法。Pathlib是Python3提供的一个处理文件路劲的库。例如：
from pathlib import Path
root = Path('post_sub_folder')
print(root)
输出结果: post_sub_folder
path = root / 'happy_user'
# 输出绝对路劲
print(path.resolve())
输出结果：/root/post_sub_folder/happy_user
Type hinting (3.5+)
静态与动态类型是软件工程中的一个热门话题，每个人都有不同的看法，Python作为一个动态类型语言，在Python3中也提供了Type hinting功能，例如:
def sentence_has_animal(sentence: str) -> bool:
return "animal" in sentence
sentence_has_animal("Donald had a farm without animals")
# True
Enumerations (3.4+)
Python3提供的Enum类让你很容就能实现一个枚举类型：
from enum import Enum, auto
class Monster(Enum):
ZOMBIE = auto()
WARRIOR = auto()
BEAR = auto()
print(Monster.ZOMBIE)
输出: Monster.ZOMBIE
Python3的Enum还支持比较和迭代。
for monster in Monster:
print(monster)
输出: Monster.ZOMBIE
Monster.WARRIOR
Monster.BEAR
Built-in LRU cache (3.2+)
缓存是现在的软件领域经常使用的技术，Python3提供了一个lru_cache装饰器，来让你更好的使用缓存。下面有个实例：
import time
def fib(number: int) -> int:
if number == 0: return 0
if number == 1: return 1
return fib(number-1) + fib(number-2)
start = time.time()
fib(40)
print(f'Duration: {time.time() - start}s')
# Duration: 30.684099674224854s
现在我们可以使用lru_cache来优化我们上面的代码，降低代码执行时间。
from functools import lru_cache
@lru_cache(maxsize=512)
def fib_memoization(number: int) -> int:
if number == 0: return 0
if number == 1: return 1
return fib_memoization(number-1) + fib_memoization(number-2)
start = time.time()
fib_memoization(40)
print(f'Duration: {time.time() - start}s')
# Duration: 6.866455078125e-05s
Extended iterable unpacking (3.0+)
废话不多说，直接上代码，文档在这
head, *body, tail = range(5)
print(head, body, tail)
输出： 0 [1, 2, 3] 4
py, filename, *cmds = "python3.7 script.py -n 5 -l 15".split()
print(py)
print(filename)
print(cmds)
输出：python3.7
script.py
['-n', '5', '-l', '15']
first, _, third, *_ = range(10)
print(first, third)
输出： 0 2
Data classes (3.7+)
Python3提供data class装饰器来让我们更好的处理数据对象，而不用去实现 init() 和 repr() 方法。假设如下的代码:
class Armor:
def __init__(self, armor: float, description: str, level: int = 1):
self.armor = armor
self.level = level
self.description = description
def power(self) -> float:
return self.armor * self.level
armor = Armor(5.2, "Common armor.", 2)
armor.power()
# 10.4
print(armor)
# <__main__.Armor object at 0x7fc4800e2cf8>
使用data class实现上面功能的代码，这么写:
from dataclasses import dataclass
@dataclass
class Armor:
armor: float
description: str
level: int = 1
def power(self) -> float:
return self.armor * self.level
armor = Armor(5.2, "Common armor.", 2)
armor.power()
# 10.4
print(armor)
# Armor(armor=5.2, description='Common armor.', level=2)
Implicit namespace packages (3.3+)
通常情况下，Python通过把代码打成包（在目录中加入__init__.py实现）来复用，官方给的示例如下:
sound/ Top-level package
__init__.py Initialize the sound package
formats/ Subpackage for file format conversions
__init__.py
wavread.py
wavwrite.py
aiffread.py
aiffwrite.py
auread.py
auwrite.py
...
effects/ Subpackage for sound effects
__init__.py
echo.py
surround.py
reverse.py
...
filters/ Subpackage for filters
__init__.py
equalizer.py
vocoder.py
karaoke.py
在Python2里，如上的目录结构，每个目录都必须有__init__.py文件，一遍其他模块调用目录下的python代码，在Python3里，通过 Implicit Namespace Packages可是不使用_init_.py文件
sound/ Top-level package
__init__.py Initialize the sound package
formats/ Subpackage for file format conversions
wavread.py
wavwrite.py
aiffread.py
aiffwrite.py
auread.py
auwrite.py
...
effects/ Subpackage for sound effects
echo.py
surround.py
reverse.py
...
filters/ Subpackage for filters
equalizer.py
vocoder.py
karaoke.py
结语
这篇文章只列出了一下部分Python3的新功能，我希望这篇文章向您展示了部分您以前不知道的Python 3新功能，并且希望能帮助您编写更清晰，更直观的代码。
