赵佳正++楼建林
[摘要] 目的 分析甲狀旁腺腺瘤合并甲状腺癌的诊断及治疗特点。 方法 回顾性分析2007年1月~2015年6月浙江省肿瘤医院头颈外科收治的19例甲状旁腺腺瘤合并甲状腺癌的患者,设为研究组,将同期其他甲状旁腺腺瘤手术患者53例作为对照组,将术后病理确诊作为金标准,分析其诊断及治疗的特点。 结果 研究组中甲状腺乳头状癌18例,甲状腺髓样癌1例,12例患者术前甲状旁腺素升高,7例血钙升高(2.67~2.86 mmol/L)。7例患者术前甲状旁腺素正常。对照组中51例患者甲状旁腺素升高,35例血钙升高(2.62~3.48 mmol/L)。研究组中术前甲状旁腺素和血钙均低于对照组[(140.4±21.1)ng/L vs (253.9±52.4)ng/L,P=0.000;(2.54±0.23)mmol/L vs(2.73±0.26)mmol/L,P=0.021]。研究组中甲状旁腺腺瘤的平均最长径小于对照组[(14.2±7.6)mm vs(21.2±9.5)mm,P=0.000]。研究组中3例患者行全甲状腺切除及甲状旁腺腺瘤切除,3例均出现暂时性甲状旁腺功能减低,术后随访3~9个月,其中1例出现永久性甲状旁腺功能减低。19例中1例出现甲状旁腺素再次升高(甲状旁腺素:100.2 ng/L,血钙正常),对照组中15例出现暂时性甲状旁腺功能减低,术后随访3~65个月,1例出现永久性甲状旁腺功能减低,3例出现甲状旁腺素再次升高(81.6~265.4 ng/L)。 结论 甲状旁腺腺瘤合并甲状腺癌的患者甲状旁腺腺瘤病灶较小,术前影像学检查诊断率低,这类患者全甲状腺切除术后发生永久性甲状旁腺功能减低风险较高,对于甲状腺癌患者推荐术前检查甲状旁腺素和血钙,以发现早期甲状旁腺肿瘤。
[关键词] 甲状旁腺腺瘤;甲状腺癌;手术;甲状腺激素
[中图分类号] R736.2 [文献标识码] B [文章编号] 1673-9701(2017)04-0078-04
Diagnosis and treatment features of parathyroid adenoma combined with thyroid cancer
ZHAO Jiazheng LOU Jianlin
Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou 310022, China
[Abstract] Objective To analyze the diagnosis and treatment features of parathyroid adenoma combined with thyroid cancer. Methods A total of 19 cases of parathyroid adenoma combined with thyroid cancer admitted in Department of Head and Neck Surgery in Zhejiang Cancer Hospital from January 2007 to June 2015 were chosen as the study group, and 53 patients with other parathyroid adenoma surgery in the same period were treated as the control group. Postoperative pathology was the gold standard for diagnosis. The diagnosis and treatment features were analyzed. Results In the study group, there were 18 cases of thyroid papillary carcinoma and 1 case of medullary thyroid carcinoma. 12 patients in the study group had elevated preoperative parathyroid hormone, and 7 cases had elevated serum calcium(2.67-2.86 mmol/L), while 7 patients had normal parathyroid hormone before surgery. In the control group, 51 patients had elevated parathyroid hormone and 35 patients had increased serum calcium(2.62-3.48 mmol/L). The levels of parathyroid hormone and serum calcium were lower in the study (140.4±21.1 ng/L vs 253.9±52.4 ng/L, P=0.000; 2.54±0.23 mmol/L vs 2.73±0.26 mmol/L, P=0.021). The average longest path of parathyroid adenoma in the study group was smaller than that in the control group(14.2±7.6 mm vs 21.2±9.5 mm, P=0.000). In the study group, 3 patients underwent total thyroidectomy and parathyroid adenoma resection, who all had temporary hypoparathyroidism, and 1 case had permanent parathyroid function in postoperative follow-up for 3 to 9 months. In 19 cases, one patient had parathyroid hormone increased again (parathyroid hormone: 100.2 ng/L, normal serum calcium). In the control group, 15 patients had temporary hypoparathyroidism, and one patient had permanent hypoparathyroidism and 3 pateints parathyroid hormone increased again (81.6-265.4 ng/L) in the follow-up for 3 to 65 months. Conclusion Parathyroid adenoma lesions in patients with parathyroid adenoma combined with thyroid cancer are smaller, and preoperative imaging diagnosis rate is low. The risk of permanent hypoparathyroidism in patients with total thyroidectomy is higher. For patients with thyroid cancer preoperative examination of parathyroid hormone and serum calcium are recommended to detect early parathyroid tumors.
[Key words] Parathyroid adenoma; Thyroid cancer; Surgery; Thyroid hormone
甲状旁腺腺瘤(parathyroid adenoma,PTA)是一种少见的内分泌肿瘤,是引起原发性甲状旁腺功能亢(primary hyperthyroidism,PHPT)的主要原因,过度分泌的甲状旁腺素,会导致全身性钙磷骨代谢异常,既往大部分患者以骨病或泌尿系结石为主诉就诊[1]。有研究显示17%~84%的PHPT患者合并甲状腺疾病,2%~16%的PHPT患者伴发甲状腺癌(thyroid cancer)[2-4]。随着颈部彩超的使用,甲状腺疾病诊断患者日益增多,当这两种肿瘤合并在一起时,诊断和治疗上会变得更加复杂。部分PTA较难定位诊断。针对甲状腺癌的甲状腺全切及中央区淋巴结清扫会影响术后甲状旁腺功能,而PTA的手术治疗也会增加术后永久性甲状旁腺功能减低的风险[5-6]。目前该类患者的临床报道较少,本研究收集2007年1月~2015年6月浙江省肿瘤医院头颈外科收治的19例PTA合并甲状腺癌的患者与53例同期手术的PTA患者的临床资料进行对比,对其诊断和手术治疗进行总结。
1 对象与方法
1.1 研究对象
收集2007年1月~2015年6月浙江省肿瘤医院头颈外科收治的19例PTA合并甲状腺癌的患者,设为研究组,PTA为散发型,排除家族性PTA和多发性内分泌瘤病病例,排除肾功能衰竭引起的继发性甲状旁腺增生,排除甲状旁腺腺癌及甲状旁腺囊肿等其他甲状旁腺肿瘤。选择同期53例未合并甲状腺癌的散发性PTA作为对照组。随访时间至2016年9月31日。研究组:男4例,女15例,年龄26~67岁,平均50.0岁。病程2 d~4年。对照组:男6例,女47例,年龄21~75岁,平均51.9岁。病程1周~7年。两组患者在年龄、性别、病程等一般资料方面比较,无显著差异(P>0.05),具有可比性。
1.2 临床表现
研究组中18例患者均因颈部彩超体检发现异常就诊,1例患者伴有肌肉关节疼痛无力和泌尿系结石;余18例均无明显症状。53例对照组中11伴有肌肉关节疼痛无力或泌尿系结石,42例患者无明显症状。研究组中3例患者有颈部放射性接触史。
1.3 实验室检查
患者术前均行甲状腺功能8项,甲状旁腺素(本研究采用电化学发光方法检测全段甲状旁腺素,正常:15~65 ng/L)、降钙素、肝肾功能、血钙(正常:2.0~2.6 mmol/L),术后检查甲状旁腺素、血钙。
1.4 影像学检查
19例研究组患者及53例对照组患者术前均行超声检查。14例行99Tcm-甲氧异腈(MIBI)甲状旁腺显影,54例行颈部CT检查。
1.5 手术方式
研究组患者手术方式复杂,根据术中手术记录:6例行一侧甲状旁腺腺瘤切除+一侧甲状腺腺叶及峡部切除+同侧Ⅵ区清扫。3例行一侧甲状旁腺肿瘤切除+全甲状腺切除+双侧Ⅵ区清扫,2例行双侧上极甲状旁腺腺瘤切除+一侧腺叶切除甲状腺+一侧Ⅵ区清扫。余8例患者为术后病理发现PTA,术前术中均未诊断PTA。53例对照组中51例行一侧甲状旁腺腺瘤切除,2例行双侧甲状旁腺腺瘤切除,12例术中切除结节性甲状腺肿。
1.6 统计学方法
采用软件包SPSS 20.0进行数据处理,年龄、甲状旁腺素、血钙和PTA最大直径等计量资料用均数±标准差(x±s)表示,两组之间比较采用t检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 实验室结果
研究组中12例术前甲状旁腺素升高(76.2~508 ng/L),均值140.4 ng/L,7例血钙升高(2.67~2.86 mmol/L)。7例术前甲状旁腺素正常。对照组中51例患者甲状旁腺素升高(68.9~1342 ng/L),35例血钙升高(2.62~3.48 mmol/L)。对照组术前甲状旁腺素、血钙明显高于研究组(均P<0.05),见表1。术后24 h复查甲状旁腺素,研究组中3例出现暂时性甲状旁腺功能减低,均发生于全甲状腺切除者,余患者术后甲状旁腺素在正常范围。对照组中15例出现暂时性甲状旁腺功能减低。
2.2 影像学表现
研究组中19例患者颈部彩超报告,均发现甲状腺病变,但是仅9例提示甲状旁腺占位,敏感度为47.3%;对照组53例患者中45例彩超检查考虑甲状腺旁腺肿瘤,敏感度为84.9%。另外8例与甲状腺关系密切,考虑为甲状腺结节。研究组5例、对照组9例患者行99Tem-MIBI甲状旁腺显影,12例患者显影甲状旁腺腺瘤并成功定位,敏感度为85.7%。2例患者因甲状腺癌干扰,未能成功定位。19例研究组中14例患者术前行颈部CT检查,仅5例报告中怀疑甲状旁腺肿瘤,敏感度为35.0%,余9例考虑增大淋巴结。53例对照组中,47例术前CT报告怀疑甲状旁腺肿瘤。见封三图5。
2.3 病理結果
研究组中甲状腺乳头状癌18例,甲状腺髓样癌1例。2例患者PTA双发,10例患者甲状腺癌病灶与PTA病灶在不同侧。PTA最大径为(14.2±7.6)mm。对照组53例患者中合并结节性甲状腺肿12例,2例合并亚急性甲状腺炎。PTA直径为(21.2±9.5)mm。两组间PTA最大径有明显差异(P<0.05)。见表1。
2.4 随访
研究组术后随访3~9个月,1例出现永久性甲状旁腺功能减低,该例患者系甲状腺全切行双侧Ⅵ区清扫清扫患者,1例出现甲状旁腺素再次升高(甲状旁腺素:100.2 ng/L,血钙正常)。对照组术后随访3~9个月,1例出现永久性甲状旁腺功能减低,该例患者术前PTA一枚体积较大,40 mm×32 mm×25 mm,术后随访甲状旁腺素长期稳定在7~8 ng/L。3例出现甲状旁腺素再次升高(81.6~265.4 ng/L)。
3 討论
3.1 病因及特点
甲状旁腺和甲状腺组织均起源于胚胎内胚层,其胚胎学及解剖学的关系密切。本研究中19例甲状旁腺腺瘤患者合并有甲状腺恶性肿瘤。这与之前研究结果基本一致。目前PTA并发甲状腺癌的机制不明,有学者认为这是一种巧合,另有学者认为高血钙的刺激会导致甲状腺疾病,很早之前的研究发现颈部放射性接触也与PTA并发甲状腺癌相关。有研究[7,8]发现在12例该类患者中67%的患者有颈部放射线的接触史。本研究中3例患者有颈部放射性接触史。
本研究中研究组患者的甲状旁腺素、血钙升高轻微,PTA体积小,较对照组PTA病变轻,发病比较隐匿,由于PTA体积小,分泌功能不强,因此术前彩超、99Tcm-甲氧异腈(MIBI)甲状旁腺显影敏感性较单纯PTA差,容易漏诊。术前研究组患者均合并了可疑恶性的甲状腺结节,因此,引起了临床医生的重视,通过术前的甲状旁腺素及血钙检查、术中探查,早期的PTA被诊断治疗。该类患者骨关节病变和泌尿系结石病患轻微,通过早期诊断治疗,大大改善了该类患者的预后。这类患者可以认为是因为甲状腺癌的相关治疗而被发现。通过本研究,临床中建议对甲状腺癌的患者,术前常规检查甲状旁腺素和血钙,有助于甲状旁腺肿瘤的发现,为同期手术提供可能。
3.2 治疗
目前针对PTA,主要采用手术治疗,切除功能亢进的甲状旁腺。同时提倡术中快速检测PTH,建议PTH下降50%以上,以免遗漏病变甲状旁腺[9-11]。而在甲状腺癌根治术中鉴别甲状旁腺和保护甲状旁腺血供是甲状腺外科中面临的难题[12-14]。本研究中3例甲状腺全切患者及PTA切除患者中1例发生永久性甲状旁腺功能减低。2015年我国医师协会甲状腺外科医师委员会制定的《甲状腺手术中甲状旁腺保护专家共识》,为临床医生提供了帮助。而当甲状腺癌患者合并PTA时,手术治疗变得更加复杂。首先,合并甲状旁腺功能亢进时正常的甲状旁腺功能会被抑制而体积更小,更难于鉴别[15-17]。其次,在进行甲状腺癌根治术时,淋巴结清扫以及甲状旁腺腺瘤切除的双重打击会增加术后永久性甲状旁腺功能减低风险。术中精细化被膜解剖、保护正常甲状旁腺及血供、术前准确评估以及术中快速冰冻病理检查和术中快速甲状旁腺素测定十分重要[18-20]。
3.3 展望
笔者针对甲状腺癌合并PTA的患者,设想:对切下的PTA组织进行体外冰冻保存,当患者术后出现永久性甲状旁腺功能减低时,利用保存的PTA组织,进行组织匀浆化,在患者前臂肌肉内注射,以解决甲状旁腺功能减低,这种方法是否可行仍需要一系列研究。
综上,随着颈部彩超的应用,一些早期无症状的PTA合并甲状腺癌患者在术前检查中被发现[21,22],该类患者PTA体积较小,术前影像学检查难以定性定位。而术前检查甲状旁腺素和血钙有助于甲状旁腺肿瘤的发现,为同期手术切除提供依据。
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(收稿日期:2016-11-03)



