汪宁 王荣江 邵四海 钟欢
[关键词] CML66;肾癌;细胞生物功能;信号通路
[中图分类号] R692 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-9701(2021)21-0014-04
Effect of CML66 gene silencing on the proliferation, migration and invasion of renal cancer cells and its mechanism
WANG Ning WANG Rongjiang SHAO Sihai ZHONG Huan
Department of Urology,the First Affiliated Hospital of Huzhou Normal College,Huzhou 313000, China
[Abstract] Objective To explore the effect of silencing chronic myeloid leukemia tumor antigen 66 (CML66) gene with small interfering RNA (siRNA) on the biological functions of human renal carcinoma 786-O cells and the LIS1/Dynein signaling pathway. Methods The liposome transfection method was used to transfect CML66-siRNA targeting CML66 gene into human renal carcinoma 786-O cells. After transfected CML66-siRNA was detected by Western blotting, the expression of CML66, LIS1, and Dynein protein in 786-O cells was detected. The CCK8 method was used to detect cell proliferation ability. Transwell and Matrigel methods were used to measure cell migration and invasion ability. Results Compared with the control group, the expression of CML66, LIS1, and Dynein protein in 786-O cells decreased after transfection of CML66-siRNA, and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.01). The cell proliferation ability of the siRNA-CML66 group was significantly lower than that of the control group after 2, 3, and 4 days after transfection (P<0.05). The ability of cell migration and invasion in the siRNA-CML66 transfection group was also significantly weaker than that in the control group (P<0.01). Conclusion CML66 is highly expressed in human renal carcinoma 786-O cells. Down-regulation of CML66 gene can reduce the proliferation, migration, and invasion of human renal carcinoma 786-O cells. The mechanism may be related to the LIS1/Dynein signaling pathway.
[Key words] CML66; Kidney cancer; Cell biological function; Signal pathway
腎癌(Renal cell carcinoma)是较常见的泌尿系肿瘤,其发病率高且有逐年上升趋势[1-2]。由于肾癌放疗及化疗均不敏感,目前治疗方法主张根治性切除,如出现转移则预后较差[3-4]。目前对肾癌标记物的研究对指引肾癌精细化治疗具有重要作用。广谱癌基因CML66的相对分子质量66 kDa,染色体位于8q23.3。它高表达于慢性粒细胞性白血病、前列腺癌、肺癌、黑色素瘤中。而本课题组前期利用免疫组化法检测CML66蛋白在肾癌组织中也呈高表达水平[5]。本次拟研究干扰抑制CML66后对肾癌细胞的迁移、侵袭及增殖能力的影响情况,探索CML66在肾癌细胞发生发展中可能的信号通路机制,为肾癌的治疗提供可能的有效靶点,现报道如下。
1 材料与方法
1.1 材料
肾癌786-O细胞株购买于中科院上海公司;CML66、LIS1及Dynein抗体购买于Abcam公司;细胞增殖与毒性检测试剂盒购买于同仁化学研究所;穿透小室购买于康宁公司;Matrigel胶购买于Becton, Dickinson and Company公司;脂质体Lipofectamine 2000购买于Invitrogen公司。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 细胞转染法 接种细胞后等待细胞生长密度至70%~80%时再按照Lipofectamine 2000说明书进行细胞转染。组别分为CML66-siRNA组及NCi组。
1.2.2 蛋白印迹法检测CML66、LIS1和Dynein蛋白表达水平 将各组细胞转染48 h之后收集,在细胞中加入裂解液冰上裂解30 min离心,提取总蛋白后进行含量测定,灌胶加电泳液,计算总蛋白上样量,上样电泳,然后转膜,将膜移至封闭液摇动封闭2 h,将一抗稀释至适当浓度后再进行孵育,再洗膜,二抗稀释液再次孵育,最后用ECL进行化学发光。图像分析软件扫描分析条带灰度值。
1.2.3 CCK-8增殖法对比CML66-siRNA组与NCi组中786-O细胞的增殖水平 在96孔板中配置细胞悬液,约5×103个细胞/孔,将培养板在培养箱中分别孵育1、2、3、4 d,将CCK-8溶液与无血清培养基按照1:10比例配置,再将混合液加入每孔中并避光孵育半小时,用酶标仪测定在450 nm处的吸光度值。
1.2.4 Transwell法检测CML66对肾癌786-O细胞迁移及侵袭能力的影响 在培养板中加入600 μL培养基,迁移实验是将200 μL(1.5×108/L)细胞悬液直接加入穿透小室中,侵袭实验是将无血清培养基与Matrigel胶按照1:6比例稀释后配制出混合液,再取50 μL混合液平铺在小室中,然后取200 μL(2.0×108/L)细胞悬液加入穿透小室中,再将穿透小室放置于有培养基的培养板中,培养后取出穿透小室,移至90%甲醇内固定30 min,结晶紫染色后擦去基质胶和上室细胞,然后将小室倒置晾干,最后在显微镜下取5个随机视野计算细胞数。
1.3 统计学方法
采用SPSS 17.0统计学软件进行数据分析,计量资料用(x±s)表示,采用t检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 Western blot法检测肾癌786-O细胞中CML66、LIS1和Dynein蛋白的表达
Western blot结果显示,与对照组NCi相比,CML66-siRNA转染组中CML66、LIS1和Dynein蛋白表达量明显降低(图1)。结果表明CML66能够影响下游LIS1和Dynein蛋白表达。
2.2 CCK-8增殖法检测CML66基因对肾癌细胞增殖能力的影响
随着时间的增长,与NCi组对比,CML66-siRNA转染组对肾癌细胞的增殖抑制效果明显,第2、3、4天CML66-siRNA转染组OD值低于对照组(P<0.05),提示CML66参与细胞增殖的调控。见图2。
增殖水平
2.3 Transwell迁移及侵袭法对比CML66-siRNA组与NCi组肾癌细胞的迁移、侵袭水平
与NCi组对比,CML66-siRNA转染组能显著抑制肾癌细胞的迁移以及侵袭水平。CML66-siRNA转染组中786-O细胞迁移数与对照组中细胞迁移数相比,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),而CML66-siRNA转染组中786-O细胞侵袭数与对照组中细胞侵袭数相比,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),结果表明CML66表达水平与细胞迁移及侵袭能力水平呈正相关。见封三图1。
3 讨论
肾癌是具有高度侵袭性的恶性肿瘤,每年新增约35万例,死亡约14万例,5年生存率为74%[6-7]。因此积极探讨影响肾癌发生发展的相关机制对治疗和预后具有重要意义。而基因靶向治疗是近年来研究的热点。已知JAK/STAT,PI3K/AKT/mTOR,VHL/HIF等信号通路参与肾癌的发生发展[8-9],而迄今为止仍未发现其特异性分子标志物。细胞生物学认为,细胞有丝分裂、细胞内物质运输、细胞周期和细胞迁移等出现紊乱是肿瘤获得恶性生物学行为的最早的细胞学改变。研究发现,可调节上述细胞功能与微管蛋白相关的通路—CML66/LIS1/Dynein通路及其家族成员在肿瘤的发生发展中发挥重要作用。CML66/LIS1/Dynein通路存在多种成员,其蛋白大多定位于中心体或沿微管分布,该通路成员参与调控细胞周期、迁移、物质运输等[10-14]。该通路的下游效应蛋白-动力蛋白(Dynein)是一种微管结合蛋白,能将化学能转化成机械能[15],参与细胞分裂过程中。LIS1可与Dynein共定位于染色体动粒、中心体和前导端的细胞膜上,进而调控由Dynein参与的细胞有丝分裂及细胞迁移运动。而CML66通过与Dynein及LIS形成复合体,促进染色体以及胞质的离解。研究发现CML66可通过激活LIS1/Dynein通路来促进肾癌细胞的分裂与迁移[16],而本研究通过Western blot结果显示,CML66-siRNA转染组中LIS1、Dynein蛋白表达量较对照组明显降低,这与本研究结果相一致。这证实沉默CML66基因后能够通过抑制下游通路LIS1及Dynein蛋白表达从而发挥抑癌作用。
采用SEREX方法筛选卵巢癌文库检测出CML66抗体,通过原核表达CML66蛋白、Western blot、ELISA及Dot blot检测,发现患者中的CML66血清表达水平明显高于正常人。本課题组前期研究利用免疫组化法检测CML66在肾癌组织中的表达,结果显示CML66蛋白阳性表达率高达83.9%,且表达水平与肾癌组织病理分级、临床分期相关[5],提示CML66作为促癌基因存在,且表达水平跟疾病进展具有正相关性。
在结直肠癌患者外周血中发现CML66 mRNA表达水平与临床病理特征及3年生存期具有显著关联性[17]。另有研究表明CML66基因可以使染色体异常排列,使细胞产生多个细胞极[18]。而最新研究发现CML66基因能通过促进增殖、迁移和抑制细胞凋亡来促进结直肠癌及非小细胞肺癌的发生和转移[19-20],这提示CML66作为一种癌基因能直接调控肿瘤的进展。而CML66-siRNA转染组CML66蛋白表达低于阴性对照组,证明CML66-siRNA能成功抑制786-O细胞中CML66蛋白表达。基于此利用CCK-8法、细胞迁移及侵袭实验观察抑制CML66蛋白表达后对肾癌786-O细胞生物功能的影响。而本研究细胞增殖结果显示,CML66-siRNA组中细胞2、3和4 d时OD值均低于对照组,说明沉默CML66基因后细胞增殖能力被抑制,提示CML66基因可能参与肾癌细胞增殖过程。另外细胞迁移及侵袭实验显示,CML66-siRNA组迁移细胞数和侵袭细胞数均降低,说明特异性沉默肾癌细胞中CML66基因可有效抑制细胞迁移及侵袭能力。两方面试验证实CML66基因与细胞增殖、迁移以及侵袭能力均密切相关,这为CML66基因成为肾癌的潜在治疗靶点提供理论依据,也为探讨CML66基因参与肾癌发生发展作用的具体机制搭建了实验室基础。
本課题组证实CML66基因在肾癌组织中呈高表达水平,且通过脂质体瞬时转染方法干扰CML66蛋白表达能够降低786-O细胞的迁移、侵袭及增殖水平。而抑制CML66蛋白表达能够阻碍信号通路LIS1/Dynein的传导效应。这提示干扰CML66基因表达可能通过抑制LIS1/Dynein信号通路来进一步抑制肾癌细胞的增殖、迁移及侵袭能力。基于此,通过靶向抑制CML66基因表达可能作为肾恶性肿瘤的有效治疗手段,但这仍需要我们进一步的研究。
[参考文献]
[1] Motzer RJ,Jonasch e,Agarwal N,et al. Kidney cancer,Version 2.2017,NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology[J].J Natl Compr Canc Netw,2017,15(6):804-834.
[2] Znaor A,Lortet-Tieulent J,Laversanne M,et al.International variations and trends in renal cell carcinoma incidence and mortality[J]. Eur Urol,2015,67:519-530.
[3] Rowe SP,Gorin MA,Solnes LB,et al. Correlation of 99mTcsestamibi uptake in renal masses with mitochondrial content and multi-drug resistance pump expression[J].EJNMMI Res,2017,7(1):80.
[4] Vani M,NaMBiar A,Geetha K,et al. metastatic renal cell carcinoma causing small intestinal polyps with intussusception:A report of two cases[J].J Clin Diagn Res,2017,11(4):ed13-ed15.
[5] 汪宁,钟欢,陈晓农,等. CML66在肾癌组织中的表达及其临床意义[J].浙江医学,2016,38(8):572-574.
[6] Arai T,Okato A,Kojima S,et al. Regulation of spindle and kinetochore-associated protein 1 by antitumor miR-10a-5p in renal cell carcinoma[J]. Cancer Sci,2017,108(10):2088-2101.
[7] Lee GT,Han CS,Kwon YS,et al. Intracrine androgen biosynthesis in renal cell carcinoma[J]. Br J Cancer,2017, 116(7): 937-943.
[8] Xu Q,Krause M,Samoylenko A,et al. Wnt signaling in renal cell carcinoma[J]. Cancers(basel),2016,8(6):57.
[9] Li M,Wang Y,Song YS,et al. MicroRNAs in renal cell carcinoma:A systematic review of clinical implications(review)[J]. oncol Rep,2015,33(4):1571-1578.
[10] Chuang C,Pan J,Hawke DH,et al. NudC deacetylation regulates mitotic progression[J]. PLoS One,2013,8(9):e73 841.
[11] Moon HM,Youn YH,Pemble H,et al. LIS1 controls mitosis and mitotic spindle organization via the LIS1-NDEL1-dynein complex[J]. Hum Mol Genet,2014,23(2):449-466.
[12] Modzelan M,Kujawa M,Glabski K,et al. NudC nudix hydrolase from pseudomonas syringae,but not its counterpart from pseudomonas aeruginosa,is a novel regulator of intracellular redox balance required for growth,motility and biofilm formation[J]. Mol Microbiol,2014,93(5): 867-882.
[13] Ali A,Veeranki SN,Chinchole A,et al. MLL/WDR5 complex regulates Kif2A localization to ensure chromosome congression and proper spindle assembly during mitosis[J].Dev Cell,2017,41(6):605-622.
[14] Baumbach J,Murthy A,Mcclintock MA,et al. Lissencephaly-1 is a context-dependent regulator of the human dynein complex[J].Elife,2017,6:e21 768.
[15] Kubo T,Oda T.Electrostatic interaction between polyglutamylated tubulin and the nexin-dynein regulatory complex regulates flagellar motility[J]. Mol Biol Cell,2017,28(17):2260-2266.
[16] He HC,Dai J,Wang XJ,et al. NUDCD1 affects renal cell carcinoma through regulating LIS1/Dynein signaling pathway[J].Am J Transl Res,2018,10(2):519-524.
[17] 馮文明,崔戈,唐成武,等.结直肠癌患者外周血NUDCD1mRNA表达与临床病理特征及预后生存的关联性分析[J].中华临床医师杂志,2015,9(20):3886-3690.
[18] Fu Q,Wang W,Zhou T,et al. Emerging roles of NudC family:From molecular regulation to clinical implications[J].Science China Life Sciences,2016,59(5):455-462.
[19] Han B,Zhang YY,Xu K,et al. NUDCD1 promotes metastasis through inducing EMT and inhibiting apoptosis in colorectal cancer[J]. Am J Cancer Res,2018,8(5):810-823.
[20] He B,Xia SH,Zhang ZW,et al. NUDCD1 promotes the proliferation and metastasis of non-small cell lung cancer cells through the activation of IGF1R-ERK1/2[J]. Pathobiology,2020,87(4):244-253.
(收稿日期:2020-12-23)



