2016考研(普硕版)暑前作业：英语第二周
第二周 商业经济词汇
1. 宏观经济
economic system 经济体系 planned economy 计划经济
market economy 市场经济 market-oriented economy 市场导向型经济
market cycle 市场周期 market demand 市场需求
state-owned business 国有经济 industrialization 工业化
home market 国内市场 red-hot economy 白热化经济
prosperous 经济繁荣的 globalization 全球化
global inflation 全球通货膨胀 multinational corporation 跨国公司
stock price 股票价格 venture investment 风险投资
broker 经纪人 stakeholder 股东
economic puppet 经济傀儡 credit card 信用卡
monetary policy 货币政策 competitive price 竞争价格
retail price 零售价 commodity price 物价
devalue 贬值 interest rate 利率
capital 资金，资本 intellectual property 知识产权
infrastructure 基础设施 treasury 财政部
patent office 专利局 steer the economy a soft landing经济软着陆
2. 微观经济
productivity 生产力 production 生产，产品
transaction 交易 consumption 消费
subscribe to 订购 commodity 日用品
inferior article 劣质商品 qualitatively 质量上
monopoly 垄断 merger 合并，归并
consolidation 巩固，合并 incorporate 合并
downscale 缩减规模 centralization 集中，中央集权化
professionalization 专业化 freight 运费
shipper 托运人，发货人 premium 保险费
dealership 代理权，经销权 retailer 零售商
surplus 过剩 predominance 优势
vitality 活力 unexploited 未开发的
energy-intensive 能源密集型的 commercialized 使商业化
underfund 对…提供资金不足 mountainous debt 负债累累
free enterprise 自由企业 limited liability company 有限责任公司
bureaucratic management官僚式管理 top management 高层管理
administration 管理，经营 administrator 管理人员
shareholder 股东 executive director 执行理事
entrepreneur 企业家 competitor 竞争者
consultancy 顾问职业 blueprint 蓝图
manpower 人力 title 头衔，称号
part-timer 兼职人员 temporary worker 临时工
self-employment 个体经营 opening 空缺职位
negotiate 谈判，协商 compensation 赔偿，薪水
阅读—商业经济类文章
1995 Text 1
Money spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of. It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable prices, thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices. By drawing attention to new ideas it helps enormously to raise standards of living. By helping to increase demand it ensures an increased need for labour, and is therefore an effective way to fight unemployment. It lowers the costs of many services: without advertisements your daily newspaper would cost four times as much, the price of your television license would need to be doubled and travel by bus or tube would cost 20 per cent more.
And perhaps most important of all, advertising provides a guarantee of reasonable value in the products and services you buy. Apart from the fact that twenty-seven Acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements. He might fool some people for a little while through misleading advertising. He will not do so for long, for mercifully the public has the good sense not to buy the inferior article more than once. If you see an article consistently advertised, it is the surest proof I know that the article does what is claimed for it, and that it represents good value.
Advertising does more for the material benefit of the community than any other force I can think of.
There is one point I feel I ought to touch on. Recently I heard a well-known television personality declare that he was against advertising because it persuades rather than informs. He was drawing excessively fine distinctions. Of course advertising seeks to persuade.
If its message were confined merely to information -- and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the colour of a shirt is subtly persuasive -- advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention. But perhaps that is what the well-known television personality wants.
51.By the first sentence of the passage the author means that ________.
[A] he is fairly familiar with the cost of advertising
[B] everybody knows well that advertising is money consuming
[C] advertising costs money like everything else
[D] it is worthwhile to spend money on advertising
52.In the passage, which of the following is NOT included in the advantages of advertising?
[A] Securing greater fame.[B] Providing more jobs.
[C] Enhancing living standards.[D] Reducing newspaper cost.
53.The author deems that the well-known TV personality is ________.
[A] very precise in passing his judgment on advertising
[B] interested in nothing but the buyers’ attention
[C] correct in telling the difference between persuasion and information
[D] obviously partial in his views on advertising
54.In the author’s opinion, ________.
[A] advertising can seldom bring material benefit to man by providing information
[B] advertising informs people of new ideas rather than wins them over
[C] there is nothing wrong with advertising in persuading the buyer
[D] the buyer is not interested in getting information from an advertisement
1996 Text 2
With the start of BBC World Service Television, millions of viewers in Asia and America can now watch the Corporation’s news coverage, as well as listen to it. And of course in Britain listeners and viewers can tune in to two BBC television channels, five BBC national radio services and dozens of local radio station. They are brought sport, comedy, drama, music, news and current affairs, education, religion, parliamentary coverage, children’s programmes and films for an annual license fee of 83 pounds per household.
It is a remarkable record, stretching back over 70 years -- yet the BBC’s future is now in doubt. The Corporation will survive as a publicly-funded broadcasting organization, at least for the time being, but its role, its size and its programmes are now the subject of a nation-wide debate in Britain.
The debate was launched by the Government, which invited anyone with an opinion of the BBC -- including ordinary listeners and viewers -- to say what was good or bad about the Corporation, and even whether they thought it was worth keeping. The reason for its inquiry is that the BBC’s royal charter runs out in 1996 and it must decide whether to keep the organization as it is, or to make changes.
Defenders of the Corporation -- of whom there are many -- are fond of quoting the American slogan “If it ain’t broke, don’t fix it.” The BBC “ain’t broke,” they say, by which they mean it is not broken (as distinct from the word ‘broke’, meaning having no money), so why bother to change it?
Yet the BBC will have to change, because the broadcasting world around it is changing. The commercial TV channels -- TV and Channel 4 -- were required by the Thatcher Government’s Broadcasting Act to become more commercial, competing with each other for advertisers, and cutting costs and jobs. But it is the arrival of new satellite channels -- funded partly by advertising and partly by viewers’ subscriptions -- which will bring about the biggest changes in the long term.
55.The world famous BBC now faces ________.
[A] the problem of new coverage
[B] an uncertain prospect
[C] inquiries by the general public
[D] shrinkage of audience
56.In the passage, which of the following about the BBC is NOT mentioned as the key issue?
[A] Extension of its TV service to Far East.
[B] Programmes as the subject of a nation-wide debate.
[C] Potentials for further international co-operations.
[D] Its existence as a broadcasting organization.
57.The BBC’s “royal charter” (Line 4, Paragraph 3) stands for ________.
[A] the financial support from the royal family
[B] the privileges granted by the Queen
[C] a contract with the Queen
[D] a unique relationship with the royal family
58.The foremost reason why the BBC has to readjust itself is no other than ________.
[A] the emergence of commercial TV channels
[B] the enforcement of Broadcasting Act by the government
[C] the urgent necessity to reduce costs and jobs
[D] the challenge of new satellite channels
1996 Text 3
In the last half of the nineteenth century "capital" and "labour" were enlarging and perfecting their rival organizations on modern lines. Many an old firm was replaced by a limited liability company with a bureaucracy of salaried managers. The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders. It was moreover a step away from individual initiative, towards collectivism and municipal and state-owned business. The railway companies, though still private business managed for the benefit of shareholders, were very unlike old family business. At the same time the great municipalities went into business to supply lighting, trams and other services to the taxpayers .
The growth of the limited liability company and municipal business had important consequences. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class , an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business. All through the nineteenth century, America, Africa, India, Australia and parts of Europe were being developed by British capital, and British shareholders were thus enriched by the world ' s movement towards industrialization. Towns like Bournemouth and Eastbourne sprang up to house large“Comfortable” classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders' meeting to dictate their orders to the management. On the other hand "shareholding" meant leisure and freedom which was used by many of the later Victorians for the highest purpose of a great civilization.
The "shareholders" as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labour was not good. The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away. Indeed the mere size of operations and the numbers of workmen involved rendered such personal relations impossible. Fortunately, however, the increasing power and organization of the trade unions, at least in all skilled trades, enabled the workmen to meet on equal terms the managers of the companies who employed them. The cruel discipline of the strike and lockout taught the two parties to respect each other' s strength and understand the value of fair negotiation .
59. It's true of the old family firms that__.
[A] they were spoiled by the younger generations[B] they failed for lack of individual initiative
[C] they lacked efficiency compared with modem companies
[D] they could supply adequate services to the taxpayers
60. The growth of limited liability companies resulted in__.
[A] the separation of capital from management[B] the ownership of capital by managers
[C] the emergence of capital and labour as two classes[D] the participation of shareholders in municipal business
61 . According to the passage, all of the following are true except that__.
[A] the shareholders were unaware of the needs of the workers
[B] the old firm owners had a better understanding of their workers
[C] the limited liability companies were too large to run smoothly
[D] the trade unions seemed to play a positive role
62. The author is most critical of___ .[A] family firm owners [B] landowners [C] managers [D] shareholders
1997 Text 5
Much of the language used to describe monetary policy, such as “steering the economy to a soft landing” or “a touch on the brakes,” makes it sound like a precise science. Nothing could be further from the truth. The link between interest rates and inflation is uncertain. And there are long, variable lags before policy changes have any effect on the economy. Hence the analogy that likens the conduct of monetary policy to driving a car with a blackened windscreen, a cracked rear-view mirror and a faulty steering wheel.
Given all these disadvantages, central bankers seem to have had much to boast about of late. Average inflation in the big seven industrial economies fell to a mere 2.3% last year, close to its lowest level in 30 years, before rising slightly to 2.5% this July. This is a long way below the double-digit rates which many countries experienced in the 1970s and early 1980s.
It is also less than most forecasters had predicted. In late 1994 the panel of economists which The Economist polls each month said that America’s inflation rate would average 3.5% in 1995. In fact, it fell to 2.6% in August, and is expected to average only about 3% for the year as a whole. In Britain and Japan inflation is running half a percentage point below the rate predicted at the end of last year. This is no flash in the pan; over the past couple of years, inflation has been consistently lower than expected in Britain and America.
Economists have been particularly surprised by favorable inflation figures in Britain and the United States, since conventional measures suggest that both economies, and especially America’s, have little productive slack. America’s capacity utilization, for example, hit historically high levels earlier this year, and its jobless rate (5.6% in August) has fallen below most estimates of the natural rate of unemployment -- the rate below which inflation has taken off in the past.
Why has inflation proved so mild? The most thrilling explanation is, unfortunately, a little defective. Some economists argue that powerful structural changes in the world have up-ended the old economic models that were based upon the historical link between growth and inflation.
67.From the passage we learn that ________.
[A] there is a definite relationship between inflation and interest rates
[B] economy will always follow certain models
[C] the economic situation is better than expected
[D] economists had foreseen the present economic situation
68.According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?
[A] Making monetary policies is comparable to driving a car
[B] An extremely low jobless rate will lead to inflation
[C] A high unemployment rate will result from inflation
[D] Interest rates have an immediate effect on the economy
69.The sentence “This is no flash in the pan” (Line 5, Paragraph 3) means that ________.
[A] the low inflation rate will last for some time
[B] the inflation rate will soon rise
[C] the inflation will disappear quickly
[D] there is no inflation at present
70.The passage shows that the author is ________ the present situation.
[A] critical of[B] puzzled by
[C] disappointed at[D] amazed at
第二周 1.DADC 2.BCCD 3.CACD 4.CBAD
