Text3Scholasticthinkersheldawidevarietyofdoctr inesinbothphilosophyandtheology,thestudyofreligion.WhatgivesunitytothewholeScholasticmovement,theacademicpracticeinEuropefromthe9thtothe17thcenturies,arethecommonaims,attitudes,andmethodsgenerallyacceptedbyallitsmembers.ThechiefconcernoftheScholasticswasnottodiscovernewfactsbuttointegratetheknowledgealreadyacquiredseparatelybyGreekreasoningandChristianrevelation.ThisconcernisoneofthemostcharacteristicdifferencesbetweenScholasticismandmodernthoughtsincetheRenaissance.
ThebasicaimoftheScholasticsdeterminedcertaincommonattitudes,themostimportantofwhichwastheirconvictionofthefundamentalharmonybetweenreasonandrevelation.TheScholasticsmaintainedthatbecausethesameGodwasthesourceofbothtypesofknowledgeandtr uthwasoneofhischiefattr ibutes,hecouldnotcontr adicthimselfinthesetwowaysofspeaking.Anyapparentoppositionbetweenrevelationandreasoncouldbetr acedeithertoanincorrectuseofreasonortoaninaccurateinterpretationofthewordsofrevelation.BecausetheScholasticsbelievedthatr evelationwasthedirectteachingofGod,itpossessedforthemahigherdegreeoftr uthandcertaintythandidnaturalreason.Inapparentconflictsbetweenreligiousfaithandphilosophicreasoning,faithwasthusalwaysthesupremearbiter;thetheologiansdecisionoverruledthatofthephilosopher.Aftertheearly13thcentury,Scholasticthoughtemphasizedmoretheindependenceofphilosophywithinitsowndomain.Nonetheless,throughouttheScholasticperiod,philosophywascalledtheservantoftheology,notonlybecausethetr uthofphilosophywassubordinatedtothatoftheology,butalsobecausethetheologianusedphilosophytounderstandandexplainrevelation.
ThisattitudeofScholasticismstandsinsharpcontr asttotheso-calleddouble-tr uththeoryoftheSpanish-ArabphilosopherandphysicianAverroёs.Histheoryassumedthattr uthwasaccessibletobothphilosophyandIslamictheologybutthatonlyphilosophycouldattainitperfectly.Theso-calledtr uthsoftheologyserved,hence,asimperfectimaginativeexpressionsforthecommonpeopleoftheauthentictr uthaccessibleonlytophilosophy.Averroёsmaintainedthatphilosophictr uthcouldevencontr adict,atleastverbally,theteachingsofIslamictheology.
Asaresultoftheirbeliefintheharmonybetweenfaithandreason,theScholasticsattemptedtodeterminetheprecisescopeandcompetenceofeachofthesefaculties.ManyearlyScholastics,suchastheItalianecclesiasticandphilosopherSt.Anselm,didnotclearlydistinguishthetwoandwereoverconfidentthatr easoncouldprovecertaindoctr inesofrevelation.Later,attheheightofthematureperiodofScholasticism,theItaliantheologianandphilosopherSt.ThomasAquinasworkedoutabalancebetweenreasonandrevelation.
第31题：WiththeScholastics,thesearchfornewknowledge_____.
［A］stoppedcompletely
［B］sloweddown
［C］advancedrapidly
［D］awakedgradually
正确答案：A本题考查事实细节。文章第一段第三句指出了经院哲学家对新知识的态度，即经院哲学家主要关注的不是发现新知识而是把希腊理学和基督教启示分别已经获得的知识整合起来。由此可见，对于经院哲学家来说，对于新知识的追求是停滞不前的。［A］项为正确答案。
