动词种类和形式
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常见考法：
1.系动词和实义动词的辨析；
2、动词的各种时态的辨析；
3.没有被动的某些不及物动词或者不及物动词词组；
4.区分谓语动词和非谓语动词；
5.情态动词的含义辨析；
6.动词短语辨析。
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英语动词的分类及基本形式
动词的分类
表示动作中状态的词叫做动词。根据其在句中的功能，动词可分为行为动词、系动词、助动词和情态动词四类，有些动词是兼类词。如：
Wehavelunchat12.我们12点吃午饭。(have是行为动词)
WehavebeentoNewYork.我们去过纽约。(have是助动词)
WIamhungry.我饿了。(am是连系动词)
Shewasbeatenonthewayhome.她在回家的路上被人打了。(was是助动词)
Youneednthavewaitedforme.你本来不必等我。(need是情态动词)
Thedoorneedspainting.这个门需要油漆了。(needs及物动词)
动词的基本形式
绝大多数动词都有五种基本形式：动词原形、一般现在时第三人称单数、过去式、过去分词和现在分词。
A.第三人称单数形式的构成
一般现在时主语是第三人称单数时，谓语动词后要加s或es，其变化规则与名词变复数的方法大体相同：
1.一般情况下只在动词后加s，如work—works,write—writes。
2.以s,x,sh,ch结尾的动词，后加es，如guess—guesses,mix—mix,finish—finishes,catch—catches。
3.以辅音字母加y结尾的动词，改y为ies，如study—studies。
注：不规则变化的有have—has,be—is,go—goes,do—does等。
B.现在分词的构成
1.一般情况下在动词后加ing，如study—studying,work—working。
2.以不发音的字母e结尾的动词，先去掉e再加ing，如write—writing,move—moving。
3.以一个元音字母和一个辅音结尾的重读音节结尾的动词，要双写末尾一个辅音字母，再加ing，如get—getting,begin—beginning。
4.以ie结尾的名词，一般将ie改为y，再加ing，如lie—lying,die—dying,tie—tying。
注：(A)以l结尾的动词，尾音节重读时，双写l，如control—controlling；尾音节不重读时，双不双写都可以，如travel—traveling(美)/travelling(英)。(B)特例：picnic—picnicking。
C.过去式和过去分词的构成
1.一般情况直接加ed，如ask—asked,work—worked。
2.以不发音的e结尾，只加d，如love—loved,dance—danced。
3.以辅音字母加y结尾，把y变为ied，如try—tried,study—studied。
4.以一个元音字母和一个辅音结尾的重读音节结尾的动词，先双末尾一个字母，再加ed，如stop—stopped,permit—permitted。
注：(A)以l结尾的动词，尾音节重读时，双写l，如control—controlled；尾音节不重读时，双不双写都可以，如travel—traveled(美)/traveled(英)。(B)特例：picnic—picnicked。另外，还有很多动词的过去式和过去分词是不合乎上述规则的，需要熟记。
知识点总结
| 类 别 | 意 义 | 例 句 |
| 实义动词 | 含有实在的意义,表示动作或状态,在句子中能独立作谓语。 | She has somebananas. They eat alotofpotatoes. |
| 连系动词 | 本身有一定的词义,但不能独立作谓语,必须和表语一起构成谓语。 | Hisfather is ateacher. Twinsusually look thesame. Theteacher became veryangry. |
| 助动词 | 本身没有词义,不能独立作谓语,只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词,用来表示否定、疑问、时态、语态或其它语法形式,助动词自身有人称、单复数和时态的变化。 | He doesn’tspeakEnglish. We areplayingbasketball. Do youhaveabrother？ |
| 情态动词 | 本身有一定的意义,不能独立作谓语,只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词,表示说话人的语气和情态。情态动词没有人称和单复数的变化,有些情态动词有过去式。 | You can keepthebooksfortwoweeks. May Ismokehere？ We mustgonow. |
重要注解：
(1)关于实义动词：
①英语的实义动词又可分为及物动词和不及物动词两大类：
后面必须跟宾语意义才完整的叫及物动词；本身意义完整,后面不需跟宾语的叫不及物动词。
②有些动词通常只作不及物动词。如：go,come,happen,lie,listen,rise,arrive等。
有些动词通常用作及物动词。如：say,raise,lay,find,buy等。
③大多数动词可以兼作及物动词和不及物动词。如：study,sing等。
④有些动词作及物动词与作不及物动词时的意义有所不同。如：know,wash等。
⑤有些动词常和介词、副词或其它词类一起构成固定词组,形成短语动词。如：listen,reply,wait,look.
(2)关于连系动词：
①连系动词用来连接主语和表语,连系动词后面常为形容词。
②常见的连系动词有：be、become、look、feel、sound、smell、taste、seem、turn、grow、get、go、fall、sit、stand、lie等。
③有些连系动词来源于实义动词,意思也跟着变化：look(看→看起来)、feel(感觉、摸→感到)、 smell(闻、嗅→闻起来)、taste(尝→尝起来)、turn(翻转、转动→变得)、grow(生长→变得)、get(得到、到达→变得)、go(去→变得),所不同的是,作为实义动词时,后面不能跟形容词。
(3)关于助动词：
①常见的助动词有：
用于进行时和被动语态的be(am,is,are,was,were,been,being);
用于完成时的have(has,had,having);
用于将来时的shall(should);will(would)
用于一般时的do(does,did).
②助动词必须同主语的人称和数一致,也就是说因主语人称、数的不同而采用不同的形式,其中有些助动词也可作情态动词。如：shall,will,should,would.
(4)关于情态动词：
2、动词词形变化一览表：
(1)规则动词变化表：
规则变化 | 原形动词结尾情况 | 现在时单三人称 | 现在分词/动名词 | 过去式和过去分词 |
| 一般情况 | +s | +ing | +ed | |
| s,x,ch,sh,o结尾 | +es | +ing | +ed | |
| 辅音字母+y结尾 | y→i,+es | +ing | y→i,+ed | |
| 重读闭音节一元一辅结尾 | +s | 双写辅音字母,+ing | 双写辅音字母,+ed | |
| 不发音的e结尾 | +s | 去掉e,+ing | +d | |
| ie结尾 | +s | ie→y,+ing | +d | |
不规则变化 | have→has；be→is | (无) | (见不规则动词变化表) |
(2)不规则动词变化表：(原形→过去式→过去分词)
| be(am,is) | was | been | lose | lost | lost | ||
| be(are) | were | been | make | made | made | ||
| beat | beat | beaten | may | might | |||
| become | became | become | mean | meant | meant | ||
| begin | began | begun | meet | met | met | ||
| blow | blew | blown | mistake | mistook | mistaken | ||
| break | broke | broken | must | must | |||
| bring | brought | brought | pay | paid | paid | ||
| build | built | built | put | put | put | ||
| buy | bought | bought | read | read | Read | ||
| can | could | ride | rode | ridden | |||
| catch | caught | caught | ring | rang | rung | ||
| choose | chose | chosen | rise | rose | risen | ||
| come | came | come | run | ran | run | ||
| cost | cost | cost | say | said | said | ||
| cut | cut | cut | see | saw | seen | ||
| dig | dug | dug | sell | sold | sold | ||
| do | did | done | send | sent | sent | ||
| draw | drew | drawn | set | set | set | ||
| drink | drank | drunk | shall | should | |||
| drive | drove | driven | shine | shone | shone | ||
| eat | ate | eaten | show | showed | shown | ||
| fall | fell | fallen | shut | shut | shut | ||
| feel | felt | felt | sing | sang | sung | ||
| find | found | found | sink | sank/sunk | sunk/sunken | ||
| fly | flew | flown | sit | set | set | ||
| forget | forgot | forgot/forgotten | sleep | slept | slept | ||
| freeze | froze | frozen | smell | smelt | smelt | ||
| get | got | got | speak | spoke | spoken | ||
| give | gave | given | spend | spent | spent | ||
| go | went | gone | spill | spilt | spilt | ||
| grow | grew | grown | spoil | spoilt | spoilt | ||
| hang | hung/hanged | hung/hanged | stand | stood | stood | ||
| have(has) | had | had | sweep | swept | swept | ||
| hear | heard | heard | swim | swam | swum | ||
| hide | hid | hidden | take | took | taken | ||
| hit | hit | hit | teach | taught | taught | ||
| hold | held | held | tell | told | told | ||
| hurt | hurt | hurt | think | thought | thought | ||
| keep | kept | kept | throw | threw | thrown | ||
| know | knew | known | understand | understood | understood | ||
| lay | laid | laid | wake | woke/waked | woken/waked | ||
| learn | learnt/learned | learnt/learned | wear | wore | worn | ||
| leave | left | left | will | would | |||
| lend | lent | lent | win | won | won | ||
| let | let | let | write | wrote | witten | ||
| lie | lay | lain |
|
3、be(“是/存在”)动词的各种时态变化：
| 一般现在时 | 一般将来时 | 现在完成时 |
| Iam…. Youare.… He/She/Itis…. We/You/Theyare…. | (I等各人称)willbe…. Iam He/She/Itisgoingtobe… We/You/Theyare | Ihavebeen…. Youhavebeen…. She/he/Ithasbeen…. We/You/Theyhavebeen…. |
| 一般过去时 | 过去将来时 | 过去完成时 |
| Iwas…. Youwere.… He/She/Itwas…. We/You/Theywere…. | (I等各人称)wouldbe…. Iwas He/She/Itwasgoingtobe… We/You/Theywere | Ihadbeen…. Youhadbeen…. She/he/Ithadbeen…. We/You/Theyhadbeen…. |
注意：句型变化时,
否定句在am/is/are/will/have/has/was/were/had/would后面加not,而且not都可以缩写为n’t(am后面not不可以缩写)；
疑问句将am/is/are/will/have/has/was/were/had/would提前到句首。
4、其它谓语动词(主动语态)的时态变化一览表：
| 现在 时态 | 一般现在时 | 现在进行时 | 一般将来时 | 现在完成时 |
| 谓语动词构成 | 动词用原形(单三加s/es) (问句和否定句借用助词do/does) | am is+动词-ing are | will+动词原形 amis+goingto+动词原形 are | have+过去分词 has |
| 过去时态 | 一般过去时 | 过去进行时 | 过去将来时 | 过去完成时 |
| 谓语动词构成 | 动词用过去式 (问句和否定句借用助词did) | was +动词-ing were | would+动词原形 was+goingto+动词原形 were | had+过去分词 |
注：动词的非谓语形式及用法见非谓语动词专项讲解。
误区提醒
动词的种类和形式要结合动词的时态、语态等来学习，掌握好动词的分类和形式，是学好时态和语态的基础，撇开动词分类及基础知识去学其他内容，是舍本求末的做法，只有基础扎实了，才能高屋建瓴，彻底弄清楚跟动词有关的其他内容，打赢英语学习当中的攻坚战！
