英语翻译This large temperature gradient from the melting point t

英语翻译This large temperature gradient from the melting point to room temperature,as well as phase changes occurring in solidifying metal leads to residual stresses retained in spot-welded joint.Residual stresses significantly affect stress corrosion cracking,hydrogen-induced cracking,and fatigue strength.Regardless of the loading conditions on spot-welded joints,tensile residual stress deteriorates the fatigue strength and the quality of the joint (Ref 2,3).Measuring residual stress is a time-consuming and challenging process (Ref 4).Therefore,there has been an increase in the use of numerical simulation methods for estimating residual stresses in welded joints (Ref 2).However,previous numerical simulations on RSW have been mainly based on temperature distribution,nugget growth,and electrode design,but the residual stresses have been rarely considered in RSW simulations.