填个单词,然后说明一下中文意思,

1。A lot of work is involved to make sure that the magazine is ready before the middle of june。要确保在六月中旬之前筹备好这本杂志,需要做很多工作。make sure：确定；确信,证实2。About 4,000,000 people around the world die each year as a result of smoking。Smoking reduces life expectancy by 7 or 8 years。世界上每年有大约4百万人死于吸烟。吸烟会缩短7到8年的寿命。as a result of：作为结果