英语翻译In order to copewith these issues,there is a growing dem

英语翻译In order to copewith these issues,there is a growing demand from theenvironmental monitoring community for inexpensive andsensitive analytical devices that are reliable,rapid,and capableof high-throughput testing.Among the different types of sensorsrecently developed for this purpose (electrochemical sensors,mass sensors,and optical sensors),immunoassay likesystems appear to be the most popular thanks to their highselectivity and to the standardization and automation possibilitiesof their protocols.Particularly,monoparametric immunosensorshave been proven to be valuable tools to detect traceamounts (ppm to ppb) of specific contaminants such aspesticides,toxins,or explosives in environmental samples.However,most of the previous systems dedicated to thedetection of environmental pollutants were focused on fewtoxicants only and rarely integrating different pollution sources(i.e.,intensive agricultural activities,industrial side products,pharmaceutical chemistry,military activities,and phytoplanktons).For example,Morais et al.recently described an ondiskmultiplexed immunoassay for the detection of pesticides andantibiotics.In a similar way Weller et al.described a “parallelaffinity sensor array” dedicated to the direct and indirectimmunodetection of contaminants in water thanks to a glass slidebiochip.