求翻译These are assessed in different ways, ranging from psycho

求翻译These are assessed in different ways, ranging from psycho-metric testing to interviews in whThese are assessed in different ways, ranging from psycho-metric testing to interviews in which managers are asked to talk about incidents in which they felt alternatively effective and ineffective in their jobs. Some 21 characteristics which seemed to be associated with effective management emerged from these studies, and the central chapters of the book look at these more closely to see, where the data allow it, how they vary between sector (public and private), level of management (entry, middle and ‘executive’) and function (marketing, manu-facturing and finance). The competencies apparently fell into five distinct clusters (the analysis is not reported), and each chapter is organized around on