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Australia IntroductionBackground: Aboriginal settlers arrived on the continent from Southeast Asia about 40,000 years before the first Europeans began exploration in the 17th century。 No formal territorial claims were made until 1770, when Capt。 James COOK took possession in the name of Great Britain。 Six colonies were created in the late 18th and 19th centuries; they federated and became the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901。 The new country took advantage of its natural resources to rapidly develop its agricultural and manufacturing industries and to make a major contribution to the British effort in World Wars I and II。 In recent decades, Australia has transformed itself into an internationally competitive, advanced market economy。 It boasted one of the OECD's fastest growing economies during the 1990's, a performance due in large part to economic reforms adopted in the 1980's。 Long-term concerns include pollution, particularly depletion of the ozone layer, and management and conservation of coastal areas, especially the Great Barrier Reef。 GeographyLocation: Oceania, continent between the Indian Ocean and the South Pacific Ocean Geographic coordinates: 27 00 S, 133 00 E Map references: Oceania Area: total: 7,686,850 sq kmland: 7,617,930 sq kmwater: 68,920 sq kmnote: includes Lord Howe Island and Macquarie Island Area - comparative: slightly smaller than the US contiguous 48 states Land boundaries: 0 km Coastline: 25,760 km Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmcontinental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin Climate: generally arid to semiarid; temperate in south and east; tropical in north Terrain: mostly low plateau with deserts; fertile plain in southeast Elevation extremes: lowest point: Lake Eyre -15 mhighest point: Mount Kosciuszko 2,229 m Natural resources: bauxite, coal, iron ore, copper, tin, gold, silver, uranium, nickel, tungsten, mineral sands, lead, zinc, diamonds, natural gas, petroleum Land use: arable land: 6。55% (includes about 27 million hectares of cultivated grassland)permanent crops: 0。04%other: 93。41% (2001) Irrigated land: 24,000 sq km (1998 est。) Natural hazards: cyclones along the coast; severe droughts; forest fires Environment - current issues: soil erosion from overgrazing, industrial development, urbanization, and poor farming practices; soil salinity rising due to the use of poor quality water; desertification; clearing for agricultural purposes threatens the natural habitat of many unique animal and plant species; the Great Barrier Reef off the northeast coast, the largest coral reef in the world, is threatened by increased shipping and its popularity as a tourist site; limited natural fresh water resources Environment - international agreements: party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whalingsigned, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol Geography - note: world's smallest continent but sixth-largest country; population concentrated along the eastern and southeastern coasts; the invigorating tropical sea breeze known as the "Fremantle Doctor" affects the city of Perth on the west coast, and is one of the most consistent winds in the world PeoplePopulation: 20,090,437 (July 2005 est。) Age structure: 0-14 years: 19。8% (male 2,038,809/female 1,943,563)15-64 years: 67。2% (male 6,815,600/female 6,695,189)65 years and over: 12。9% (male 1,145,274/female 1,452,002) (2005 est。) Median age: total: 36。56 yearsmale: 35。74 yearsfemale: 37。4 years (2005 est。) Population growth rate: 0。87% (2005 est。) Birth rate: 12。26 births/1,000 population (2005 est。) Death rate: 7。44 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est。) Net migration rate: 3。91 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est。) Sex ratio: at birth: 1。05 male(s)/femaleunder 15 years: 1。05 male(s)/female15-64 years: 1。02 male(s)/female65 years and over: 0。79 male(s)/femaletotal population: 0。99 male(s)/female (2005 est。) Infant mortality rate: total: 4。69 deaths/1,000 live birthsmale: 5。08 deaths/1,000 live birthsfemale: 4。27 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est。) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 80。39 yearsmale: 77。52 yearsfemale: 83。4 years (2005 est。) Total fertility rate: 1。76 children born/woman (2005 est。) HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: 0。1% (2003 est。) HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: 14,000 (2003 est。) HIV/AIDS - deaths: less than 200 (2003 est。) Nationality: noun: Australian(s)adjective: Australian Ethnic groups: Caucasian 92%, Asian 7%, aboriginal and other 1% Religions: Catholic 26。4%, Anglican 20。5%, other Christian 20。5%, Buddhist 1。9%, Muslim 1。5%, other 1。2%, unspecified 12。7%, none 15。3% (2001 Census) Languages: English 79。1%, Chinese 2。1%, Italian 1。9%, other 11。1%, unspecified 5。8% (2001 Census) Literacy: definition: age 15 and over can read and writetotal population: 100%male: 100%female: 100% (1980 est。) GovernmentCountry name: conventional long form: Commonwealth of Australiaconventional short form: Australia Government type: democratic, federal-state system recognizing the British monarch as sovereign Capital: Canberra Administrative divisions: 6 states and 2 territories*; Australian Capital Territory*, New South Wales, Northern Territory*, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia Dependent areas: Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Coral Sea Islands, Heard Island and McDonald Islands, Norfolk Island, Macquarie Island Independence: 1 January 1901 (federation of UK colonies) National holiday: Australia Day, 26 January (1788) Constitution: 9 July 1900, effective 1 January 1901 Legal system: based on English common law; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal and compulsory Executive branch: chief of state: Queen of Australia ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General Maj。 Gen。 (Ret。) Michael JEFFERY (since 11 August 2003)head of government: Prime Minister John Winston HOWARD (since 11 March 1996); Deputy Prime Minister Mark VAILE (since 6 July 2005)cabinet: Prime Minister nominates, from among members of Parliament, candidates who are subsequently sworn in by the Governor General to serve as government ministerselections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch on the recommendation of the prime minister; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or leader of a majority coalition is sworn in as prime minister by the governor generalnote: government coalition - Liberal Party and National Party Legislative branch: bicameral Federal Parliament consists of the Senate (76 seats - 12 from each of the six states and two from each of the two mainland territories; one-half of state members are elected every three years by popular vote to serve six-year terms while all territory members are elected every three years) and the House of Representatives (150 seats; members elected by popular preferential voting to serve terms of up to three-years; no state can have fewer than five representatives)elections: Senate - last held 9 October 2004 (next to be held no later than June 2008); House of Representatives - last held 9 October 2004 (next to be called no later than November 2007)election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party (for session beginning on 1 July 2002) - Liberal Party-National Party coalition 35, Australian Labor Party 28, Australian Democrats 7, Green Party 2, One Nation Party 1, Australian Progressive Alliance 1, independent 2; (for session beginning on 1 July 2005) - Liberal Party-National Party coalition 39, Australian Labor Party 28, Democrats 4, Australian Greens 4, Family First Party 1; House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - Liberal Party-National Party coalition 87, Australian Labor Party 60, independents 3 Judicial branch: High Court (the chief justice and six other justices are appointed by the governor general) Political parties and leaders: Australian Democrats [Lyn ALLISON]; Australian Labor Party [Kim BEAZLEY]; Australian Progressive Alliance [Meg LEES]; Australian Greens [Bob BROWN]; Liberal Party [John Winston HOWARD]; The Nationals [Mark VAILE]; One Nation Party [Len HARRIS]; Family First Party [Steve FIELDING] International organization participation: ANZUS, APEC, ARF, AsDB, ASEAN (dialogue partner), Australia Group, BIS, C, CP, EBRD, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MIGA, NAM (guest), NEA, NSG, OECD, OPCW, Paris Club, PCA, PIF, Sparteca, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNMEE, UNMISET, UNTSO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, WToO, ZC Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Michael J。 THAWLEYchancery: 1601 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036telephone: [1] (202) 797-3000FAX: [1] (202) 797-3168consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Chicago, Honolulu, Los Angeles, New York, and San Francisco Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador J。 Thomas SCHIEFFERembassy: Moonah Place, Yarralumla, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2600mailing address: APO AP 96549telephone: [61] (02) 6214-5600FAX: [61] (02) 6214-5970consulate(s) general: Melbourne, Perth, Sydney Flag description: blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and a large seven-pointed star in the lower hoist-side quadrant known as the Commonwealth Star, representing the federation of the colonies of Australia in 1901; the star depicts one point for each of the six original states and one representing all of Australia's internal and external territories; the remaining half is a representation of the Southern Cross constellation in white with one small five-pointed star and four larger, seven-pointed stars EconomyEconomy - overview: Australia has an enviable Western-style capitalist economy, with a per capita GDP on par with the four dominant West European economies。 Rising output in the domestic economy, robust business and consumer confidence, and rising exports of raw materials and agricultural products are fueling the economy。 Australia's emphasis on reforms, low inflation, and growing ties with China are other key factors behind the economy's strength。 The impact of drought, weak foreign demand, and strong import demand pushed the trade deficit up from $8 billion in 2002, to $18 billion in 2003, and to $13 billion in 2004。 One other concern is the rapid increase in domestic housing prices, which have raised the prospect that interest rates will need to be raised to prevent a speculative bubble。 GDP: purchasing power parity - $611。7 billion (2004 est。) GDP - real growth rate: 3。5% (2004 est。) GDP - per capita: purchasing power parity - $30,700 (2004 est。) GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 3。4%industry: 28。2%services: 68。4% (2004 est。) Labor force: 10。35 million (2004 est。) Labor force - by occupation: agriculture 3。6%, industry 26。4%, services 70% (2004 est。) Unemployment rate: 5。1% (December 2004 est。) Population below poverty line: NA Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 2%highest 10%: 25。4% (1994) Distribution of family income - Gini index: 35。2 (1994) Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2。3% (2004 est。) Investment (gross fixed): 25。3% of GDP (2004 est。) Budget: revenues: $222。7 billionexpenditures: $221。7 billion, including capital expenditures of NA (2004 est。) Public debt: 17。4% of GDP (2004 est。) Agriculture - products: wheat, barley, sugarcane, fruits; cattle, sheep, poultry Industries: mining, industrial and transportation equipment, food processing, chemicals, steel Industrial production growth rate: 1。9% (2004 est。) Electricity - production: 210。3 billion kWh (2002) Electricity - consumption: 195。6 billion kWh (2002) Electricity - exports: 0 kWh (2002) Electricity - imports: 0 kWh (2002) Oil - production: 537,500 bbl/day (2004 est。) Oil - consumption: 796,500 bbl/day (2001 est。) Oil - exports: 523,400 bbl/day (2001) Oil - imports: 530,800 bbl/day (2001) Oil - proved reserves: 3。664 billion bbl (1 January 2002) Natural gas - production: 33。08 billion cu m (2001 est。) Natural gas - consumption: 23。33 billion cu m (2001 est。) Natural gas - exports: 9。744 billion cu m (2001 est。) Natural gas - imports: 0 cu m (2001 est。) Natural gas - proved reserves: 2。407 trillion cu m (1 January 2002) Current account balance: $-38。3 billion (2004 est。) Exports: $86。89 billion (2004 est。) Exports - commodities: coal, gold, meat, wool, alumina, iron ore, wheat, machinery and transport equipment Exports - partners: Japan 18。6%, China 9。2%, US 8。1%, South Korea 7。7%, New Zealand 7。4%, India 4。6%, UK 4。2% (2004) Imports: $98。1 billion (2004 est。) Imports - commodities: machinery and transport equipment, computers and office machines, telecommunication equipment and parts; crude oil and petroleum products Imports - partners: US 14。8%, China 12。7%, Japan 11。8%, Germany 5。8%, Singapore 4。4%, UK 4。1% (2004) Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: $35。14 billion (2004 est。) Debt - external: $308。7 billion (3rd quarter, 2004 est。) Economic aid - donor: ODA, $894 million (FY99/00) Currency (code): Australian dollar (AUD) Exchange rates: Australian dollars per US dollar - 1。3598 (2004), 1。5419 (2003), 1。8406 (2002), 1。9334 (2001), 1。7248 (2000) Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June CommunicationsTelephones - main lines in use: 10。815 million (2003) Telephones - mobile cellular: 14。347 million (2003) Telephone system: general assessment: excellent domestic and international servicedomestic: domestic satellite system; much use of radiotelephone in areas of low population density; rapid growth of mobile cellular telephonesinternational: country code - 61; submarine cables to New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, and Indonesia; satellite earth stations - 10 Intelsat (4 Indian Ocean and 6 Pacific Ocean), 2 Inmarsat (Indian and Pacific Ocean regions) (1998) Radio broadcast stations: AM 262, FM 345, shortwave 1 (1998) Television broadcast stations: 104 (1997) Internet country code: 。au Internet hosts: 2,847,763 (2003) Internet users: 9。472 million (2002) TransportationRailways: total: 54,439 km (3859 km electrified)broad gauge: 5,434 km 1。600-m gaugestandard gauge: 34,110 km 1。435-m gauge (1,397 km electrified)narrow gauge: 14,895 km 1。067-m gauge (2,462 km electrified)dual gauge: 213 km dual gauge (2004) Highways: total: 811,603 kmpaved: 314,090 km (including 18,619 km of expressways)unpaved: 497,513 km (1999 est。) Waterways: 2,000 km (mainly used for recreation on Murray and Murray-Darling river systems) (2004) Pipelines: condensate/gas 492 km; gas 28,680 km; liquid petroleum gas 240 km; oil 4,773 km; oil/gas/water 110 km (2004) Ports and harbors: Brisbane, Dampier, Fremantle, Gladstone, Hay Point, Melbourne, Newcastle, Port Hedland, Port Kembla, Port Walcott, Sydney Merchant marine: total: 55 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 1,531,461 GRT/1,999,409 DWTby type: bulk carrier 16, cargo 7, chemical tanker 3, container 1, liquefied gas 4, passenger 5, passenger/cargo 6, petroleum tanker 8, roll on/roll off 5foreign-owned: 16 (France 1, Germany 3, Japan 1, Philippines 1, Saudi Arabia 1, United Kingdom 2, United States 7)registered in other countries: 35 (2005) Airports: 448 (2004 est。) Airports - with paved runways: total: 305over 3,047 m: 102,438 to 3,047 m: 121,524 to 2,437 m: 131914 to 1,523 m: 139under 914 m: 13 (2004 est。) Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 1431,524 to 2,437 m: 17914 to 1,523 m: 112under 914 m: 14 (2004 est。) MilitaryMilitary branches: Australian Defense Force (ADF): Australian Army, Royal Australian Navy, Royal Australian Air Force, Special Operations Command Military manpower - military age and obligation: 16 years of age for voluntary service (2001) Military manpower - availability: males age 16-49: 4,943,676 (2005 est。) Military manpower - fit for military service: males age 16-49: 4,092,717 (2005 est。) Military manpower - reaching military age annually: males: 142,158 (2005 est。) Military expenditures - dollar figure: $16。65 billion (2004) Military expenditures - percent of GDP: 2。7% (2004) Transnational IssuesDisputes - international: East Timor and Australia continue to meet but disagree over how to delimit a permanent maritime boundary and share unexploited petroleum resources that fall outside the Joint Petroleum Development Area covered by the 2002 Timor Sea Treaty; East Timor dispute hampers creation of a revised maritime boundary with Indonesia (see also Ashmore and Cartier Islands dispute); regional states express concern over Australia's 2004 declaration of a 1,000-nautical mile-wide maritime indentification zone; Australia asserts land and maritime claims to Antarctica (see Antarctica); in 2004 Australia submitted claims to UNCLOS to extend its continental margin from both its mainland and Antarctic claims Illicit drugs: Tasmania is one of the world's major suppliers of licit opiate products; government maintains strict controls over areas of opium poppy cultivation and output of poppy straw concentrate