英语短语的概念?英语短语的意义和概念.

英语短语● 陈清霖--------------------------------------------------------------------------------短语或词组（phrases）是英语句子结构中重要的成分,不可忽视。英语短语是由至少两个字合组而成为一个有意义的单位。短语通常没有主语,也没有谓语动词,但是每个短语都有一定的结构和语义,在句子中形成一个重要的环节。论功能,英语短语可分为名词短语（noun phrase）、形容词短语（adjective phrase）和副词短语（adverb phrase）三种。名词短语,主要有三种形式,即：一名词组；二动名词组；三不定式动词组。名词短语和名词功能一样,可在句子中充当主语,如例①；宾语,如例②；补足语,如例③：① The state of Johore lies in the southern part of Malaysia。② I enjoy teaching English。③ Who is to accompany you to the airport?①是名词组；②是动名词组；③是不定式动词组。形容词短语也有三种,即：一介词组,如例④-⑥；二现在分词组；如例⑦-⑧；过去分词组,如例⑨-⑩：④ The boy on my right is the monitor。⑤ Bankers are people of great wealth。⑥ I published books on language learning。⑦ Hearing the scream,the small girl cried。⑧ Have you seen the thief running for his life?⑨ Taken aback,the boy burst into tears。⑩ The rat,chased by a cat,ran into a ditch。由介词组成的形容词短语紧跟在被修饰的名词之后。由现在分词或过去分词组成者,则可以在名词之前,如例⑦和⑨或名词后头,如例⑧和⑩。副词短语主要由介词协助组成,作用和一般副词一样,修饰动词,但位置灵活,可以在句前,也可以在动词之后。例如：11 The naughty boy was asked to stand in front of the classroom。12 Don't run across the road。It is dangerous to do so。13 In 1989,I stayed a few months in the University of London as a visiting scholar。在这些短语中,由介词引荐者既有形容词的功能（见例④-⑥）,又可负起副词的使命。这样一来,我们应如何判辨两者的差别呢?方法简单,就是从短语在句中的功能着手：修饰名词的是形容词性的、修饰动词的是副词性的,如：14a The students in this class are very active。b If you like,you may study in this class。15a Two boys at the back of the class are talking。b An unwell student has fallen asleep at the back of the class。“In this class”和“at the back of the class”在14a和15 a里修饰名词“students”和“boys”,因此属形容词性短语。反之,在14b和15b中,则分别修饰动词“may study”和“has fallen asleep”,因此是副词性短语。