论绿色化学化工及节能的基本含义?

英语原文： twelve principles of green chemistry: 1。Prevent waste: Design chemical syntheses to prevent waste, leaving no waste to treat or clean up。 2。Design safer chemicals and products: Design chemical products to be fully effective, yet have little or no toxicity。 3。Design less hazardous chemical syntheses: Design syntheses to use and generate substances with little or no toxicity to humans and the environment。 4。Use renewable feedstocks: Use raw materials and feedstocks that are renewable rather than depleting。 Renewable feedstocks are often made from agricultural products or are the wastes of other processes; depleting feedstocks are made from fossil fuels (petroleum, natural gas, or coal) or are mined。 5。Use catalysts, not stoichiometric reagents: Minimize waste by using catalytic reactions。 Catalysts are used in small amounts and can carry out a single reaction many times。 They are preferable to stoichiometric reagents, which are used in excess and work only once。 6。Avoid chemical derivatives: Avoid using blocking or protecting groups or any temporary modifications if possible。 Derivatives use additional reagents and generate waste。 7。Maximize atom economy: Design syntheses so that the final product contains the maximum proportion of the starting materials。 There should be few, if any, wasted atoms。 8。Use safer solvents and reaction conditions: Avoid using solvents, separation agents, or other auxiliary chemicals。 If these chemicals are necessary, use innocuous chemicals。 9。Increase energy efficiency: Run chemical reactions at ambient temperature and pressure whenever possible。 10。Design chemicals and products to degrade after use: Design chemical products to break down to innocuous substances after use so that they do not accumulate in the environment。 11。Analyze in real time to prevent pollution: Include in-process real-time monitoring and control during syntheses to minimize or eliminate the formation of byproducts。 12。 Minimize the potential for accidents: Design chemicals and their forms (solid, liquid, or gas) to minimize the potential for chemical accidents including explosions, fires, and releases to the environment。要点如下：减少废物,原料使用更有效,设计更安全,危害小的化学路径,利用可再生原料,减少副产物,催化剂,提高能源利用率,设计可降解产品,即时监测以防止污染,减小事故发生的可能性。