英语翻译The Asia Pacific Journal of Public Administration126Effo

英语翻译The Asia Pacific Journal of Public Administration126Efforts to ClassifyAn early recognition of the problem,and an early attempt to classify,came from Linder (1999) of the University of Texas,Houston.His concernwas,however,with the semantics – the senses in which the publicprivatedescriptor is used – rather than with the actual organisationaland functional arrangements that attract that descriptor.He (1999:41-48)identified six senses :PPP as management reform;PPP as problem conversion;PPP as moral regeneration;PPP as risk-shifting;PPP as restructuring public service;PPP as power-sharing.Sorting out the Organisational and Functional ArrangementsIt is apparent that various attempts to define PPP highlighted theconceptual problem and pushed towards efforts to classify.Here Dutchanalysis has been prominent.For example,when Van Ham and Koppenjan(2001:598) wrote of PPPs as outcomes of cooperative agreements to “jointlydevelop products” and to “share risks,costs and resources”,they weresignificantly limiting the field.Others assumed all partners would be“principals” in the enterprise,but manifestly that was not so in many PFIstyleinfrastructure projects.So Klijn and Teisman (2005:98) distinguishedbetween contract (or concession) projects and organisational cooperationprojects; and van der Wel (2004) and Koppenjan (2005) between alliancemodeland concession-model arrangements.