高分急求句法学的相关知识.要英文的.

Syntax (句法学)What is syntax?----a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences。CategoriesCategory refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language such as a sentence,a noun phrase or a verb。The most central categories to the syntactic study are the word-level categories (traditionally,parts of speech) Phrase categories and their structures Phrase categories----the syntactic units that are built around a certain word category are called phrase categories,such as NP(N),VP(V),AP(A),PP(P)。Phrase structure rules The grammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements that make up a phrase is called a phrase structure rule,such as:NP  (Det) + N +(PP)……e。g。those people,the fish on the plate,pretty girls。VP  (Qual) + V + (NP)……e。g。always play games,finish assignments。AP  (Deg) + A + (PP)……very handsome,very pessimistic,familiar with,very close toPP  (Deg) + P + (NP)……on the shelf,in the boat,quite near the station。Noun Categories Number 数Gender 性Case 格1。NumberIt can be divided as singular noun and a plural nouneg:I —— wea book——these books2。GenderAmong gender,there are Feminine (阴性)、Masculine (阳性)、neuter（中性）。eg:He -----sheprince ------princesshero-------heroine3。CaseIn English,there are nominative (主格)、accusative (宾格)、genitive (属格)。eg:I --------me -----------myHe ----------him ---------hisTom ---------Tom’sName ----------name of Verb CategoryTense (时态)Aspect (体态)Voice (语态)1。TenseThere are two kinds of tense ——Past & presenteg：present :They talk to the teacher everyday。past:They talked to the teacher yesterday。2。AspectThere are two kinds of aspect —— perfective (完成体) & imperfective (未完成体)eg:imperfective：We are playing a game now。(进行时)We will play a game tomorrow。(将来时)perfective:We have played a game already。3。VoiceThere are active voice and passive voice in all。eg：He wrote a letter just now。-----The letter was written (by him) just now。The voice in different tenses & aspects(Ask as a example)Sentences (the S rule) S  NP VP Infl realized by a tense labelInfl realized by an auxiliaryAuxiliary movement (inversion)Inversion Move Infl to the left of the subject NP。Inversion (revised) Move Infl to C。Auxiliary movement (inversion)Deep structure & surface structure Consider the following pair of sentences:John is easy to please。John is eager to please。Structurally similar sentences might be very different in their meanings,for they have quite different deep structures。Deep structure & surface structure Deep structure----formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head’s sub-categorization properties; it contains all the units and relationships that are necessary for interpreting the meaning of the sentence。Surface structure----corresponding to the final syntactic form of the sentence which results from appropriate transformations; it is that of the sentence as it is pronounced or written。