高中基语动词知识点总结
类 别 | 意 义 | 例 句 |
实义动词 | 含有实在的意义,表示动作或状态,在句子中能独立作谓语。 | She has some bananas. They eat a lot of potatoes. |
连系动词 | 本身有一定的词义,但不能独立作谓语,必须和表语一起构成谓语。 | His father is a teacher. Twins usually look the same. The teacher became very angry. |
助动词 | 本身没有词义,不能独立作谓语,只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词,用来表示否定、疑问、时态、语态或其它语法形式,助动词自身有人称、单复数和时态的变化。 | He doesn’t speak English. We are playing basketball. Do you have a brother? |
情态动词 | 本身有一定的意义,不能独立作谓语,只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词,表示说话人的语气和情态。情态动词没有人称和单复数的变化,有些情态动词有过去式。 | You can keep the books for two weeks. May I smoke here? We must go now. |
★重要注解：
(1) 关于实义动词：
① 英语的实义动词又可分为及物动词和不及物动词两大类：
后面必须跟宾语意义才完整的叫及物动词；本身意义完整,后面不需跟宾语的叫不及物动词。
② 有些动词通常只作不及物动词。如：go, come, happen, lie, listen, rise, arrive等。
有些动词通常用作及物动词。如：say, raise, lay, find, buy等。
③ 大多数动词可以兼作及物动词和不及物动词。如：study, sing等。
④ 有些动词作及物动词与作不及物动词时的意义有所不同。如：know, wash等。
⑤ 有些动词常和介词、副词或其它词类一起构成固定词组,形成短语动词。如：listen, reply, wait, look.
(2) 关于连系动词：
① 连系动词用来连接主语和表语,连系动词后面常为形容词。
② 常见的连系动词有：be、become、look、feel、sound、smell、taste、seem、turn、grow、get、 go、fall、sit、stand、lie 等。
③ 有些连系动词来源于实义动词,意思也跟着变化：look(看→看起来)、feel(感觉、摸→感到)、 smell(闻、嗅→闻起来)、taste(尝→尝起来)、turn(翻转、转动→变得)、grow(生长→变得)、get(得到、到达→变得)、go(去→变得),所不同的是,作为实义动词时,后面不能跟形容词。
(3) 关于助动词：
①常见的助动词有：
用于进行时和被动语态的be (am, is, are ,was, were, been, being ) ;
用于完成时的have(has, had, having) ;
用于将来时的shall (should) ; will (would)
用于一般时的do(does, did) .
②助动词必须同主语的人称和数一致,也就是说因主语人称、数的不同而采用不同的形式,其中有些助动词也可作情态动词。如：shall, will, should, would.
(4) 关于情态动词：
动词词形变化一览表：
(1)规则动词变化表：
规 则变 化 | 原形动词结尾情况 | 现在时单三人称 | 现在分词/动名词 | 过去式和过去分词 |
一般情况 | +s | +ing | +ed | |
s,x,ch,sh,o结尾 | +es | +ing | +ed | |
辅音字母+y结尾 | y→i,+es | +ing | y→i,+ed | |
重读闭音节一元一辅结尾 | +s | 双写辅音字母,+ing | 双写辅音字母,+ed | |
不发音的e结尾 | +s | 去掉e,+ing | +d | |
ie结尾 | +s | ie→y,+ing | +d | |
不规则变化 | have→has；be→is | (无) | (见不规则动词变化表) | |
(2)不规则动词变化表：( 原形 → 过去式 → 过去分词)
be(am,is) | was | been | lose | lost | lost | |||
be(are) | were | been | make | made | made | |||
beat | beat | beaten | may | might | ||||
become | became | become | mean | meant | meant | |||
begin | began | begun | meet | met | met | |||
blow | blew | blown | mistake | mistook | mistaken | |||
break | broke | broken | must | must | ||||
bring | brought | brought | pay | paid | paid | |||
build | built | built | put | put | put | |||
buy | bought | bought | read | read | Read | |||
can | could | ride | rode | ridden | ||||
catch | caught | caught | ring | rang | rung | |||
choose | chose | chosen | rise | rose | risen | |||
come | came | come | run | ran | run | |||
cost | cost | cost | say | said | said | |||
cut | cut | cut | see | saw | seen | |||
dig | dug | dug | sell | sold | sold | |||
do | did | done | send | sent | sent | |||
draw | drew | drawn | set | set | set | |||
drink | drank | drunk | shall | should | ||||
drive | drove | driven | shine | shone | shone | |||
eat | ate | eaten | show | showed | shown | |||
fall | fell | fallen | shut | shut | shut | |||
feel | felt | felt | sing | sang | sung | |||
find | found | found | sink | sank/sunk | sunk/sunken | |||
fly | flew | flown | sit | set | set | |||
forget | forgot | forgot/forgotten | sleep | slept | slept | |||
freeze | froze | frozen | smell | smelt | smelt | |||
get | got | got | speak | spoke | spoken | |||
give | gave | given | spend | spent | spent | |||
go | went | gone | spill | spilt | spilt | |||
grow | grew | grown | spoil | spoilt | spoilt | |||
hang | hung/hanged | hung/hanged | stand | stood | stood | |||
have(has) | had | had | sweep | swept | swept | |||
hear | heard | heard | swim | swam | swum | |||
hide | hid | hidden | take | took | taken | |||
hit | hit | hit | teach | taught | taught | |||
hold | held | held | tell | told | told | |||
hurt | hurt | hurt | think | thought | thought | |||
keep | kept | kept | throw | threw | thrown | |||
know | knew | known | understand | understood | understood | |||
lay | laid | laid | wake | woke/waked | woken/waked | |||
learn | learnt/learned | learnt/learned | wear | wore | worn | |||
leave | left | left | will | would | ||||
lend | lent | lent | win | won | won | |||
let | let | let | write | wrote | witten | |||
lie | lay | lain | ||||||
3、be(“是/存在”)动词的各种时态变化：
一 般 现 在 时 | 一 般 将 来 时 | 现 在 完 成 时 |
I am…. You are.… He/She/It is…. We/You/They are…. | (I等各人称) will be…. I am He/She/It is going to be… We/You/They are | I have been…. You have been…. She/he/It has been…. We/You/They have been…. |
一 般 过 去 时 | 过 去 将 来 时 | 过 去 完 成 时 |
I was…. You were.… He/She/It was…. We/You/They were…. | (I等各人称) would be…. I was He/She/It was going to be… We/You/They were | I had been…. You had been…. She/he/It had been…. We/You/They had been…. |
注意：句型变化时,
否定句在am /is /are /will /have /has /was /were /had /would 后面加not,而且not都可以缩写为n’t (am后面not不可以缩写)；
疑问句将am /is /are /will /have /has /was /were /had /would 提前到句首。
4、其它谓语动词(主动语态)的时态变化一览表：
现在 时态 | 一 般 现 在 时 | 现 在 进 行 时 | 一 般 将 来 时 | 现 在 完 成 时 |
谓语动词构成 | 动词用原形(单三加s / es) (问句和否定句借用助词do / does) | am is +动词-ing are | will + 动词原形 am is +going to+动词原形 are | have +过去分词 has |
过去 时态 | 一 般 过 去 时 | 过 去 进 行 时 | 过 去 将 来 时 | 过 去 完 成 时 |
谓语动词构成 | 动词用过去式 (问句和否定句借用助词did) | was +动词-ing were | would + 动词原形 was +going to+动词原形 were | had +过去分词 |
注：动词的非谓语形式及用法见非谓语动词专项讲解。
高中英语动词常见考法
1.系动词和实义动词的辨析；
2．动词的各种时态的辨析；
3.没有被动的某些不及物动词或者不及物动词词组；
4.区分谓语动词和非谓语动词；
5.情态动词的含义辨析；
6. 动词短语辨析。
高中英语动词误区提醒
动词的种类和形式要结合动词的时态、语态等来学习，掌握好动词的分类和形式，是学好时态和语态的基础，撇开动词分类及基础知识去学其他内容，是舍本求末的做法，只有基础扎实了，才能高屋建瓴，彻底弄清楚跟动词有关的其他内容，打赢英语学习当中的攻坚战！
