题文
(The Guardian): More UK universities should be profiting from ideasA repeated criticism of the UK's university sector is its noticeable weakness in translating new knowledge into new products and services.
Recently, the UK National Stem Cell Network warned the UK could lose its place among the world leaders in stem cell research unless adequate funding and legislation could be assured, despite an annual £40m spent by the Department of Health on all kinds of research.
However, we do have to challenge the unthinking complaint that the sector does not do enough in taking ideas to market. The most recent comparative data on the performance of universities and research institutions in Australia, Canada, USA and UK shows that, from a relatively weak starting position, the UK now leads on many indicators of commercialization activity.
When viewed at the national level, the policy interventions (interference) of the past decade have helped transformed the performances of UK universities. Evidence suggests the UK's position is much stronger than in the recent past and is still showing improvement. But national data masks the very large variation in the performance of individual universities. The evidence shows that a large number of universities have fallen off the back of the pack, a few perform strongly and the rest chase the leaders.
This type of uneven distribution is not strange to the UK and is mirrored across other economies. In the UK, research is concentrated: less than 25% of universities are receiving 75% of the research funding. These same universities are also the institutions producing the greatest share of PhD graduates, science citations, patents and license income. The effect of policies generating long-term resource concentration has also created a distinctive set of universities which are research-led and commercially active. It seems clear that the concentration of research and commercialization work creates differences between universities.
The core objective for universities which are research-led must be to maximize the impact of their research efforts. Their purpose is not to generate funds to add to the bottom line of the university or to substitute other income streams. Rather, these universities should be generating the widest range of social, economic and environmental benefits. In return for the scale of investment, they should share their expertise (expert knowledge or skill) in order to build greater confidence in the sector.
Part of the economic recovery of the UK will be driven by the next generation of research commercialization spilling out of our universities. On the evidence presented in my report, there are three dozen universities in the UK which are actively engaged in advanced research training and commercialization work.
If there was a greater coordination(协调)of technology transfer offices within regions and a simultaneous (happening at the same time) investment in the scale and functions of our graduate schools, universities could, and should, play a key role in positioning the UK for the next growth cycle.
小题1:What does the author think of UK universities in terms of commercialization?A.They have lost their leading position in many ways.B.They still have a place among the world leaders.C.They do not regard it as their responsibility.D.They fail to change knowledge into money.小题2:What does the author say about the national data on UK universities’ performance in commercialization?A.It masks the fatal weaknesses of government policy. B.It indicates their ineffective use of government resources.C.It does not rank UK universities in a scientific way. D.It does not reflect the differences among universities.小题3:We can infer from Paragraph 5 that “policy interventions (in Paragraph 4)” refers to _____.A.concentration of resources in a limited number of universitiesB.compulsory cooperation between universities and industriesC.government aid to non-research-oriented universitiesD.fair distribution of funding for universities and research institutions小题4:What dose the author suggest research-led universities do?A.Fully use their research to benefit all sectors of society.B.Generously share their facilities with those short of funds.C.Advertise their research to win international recognition.D.Spread their influence among top research institutions. 题型:未知 难度:其他题型
答案
小题1:B
小题2:D
小题3:A
小题4:A
解析
本文介绍的是更多的英国大学应凭创意获利
小题1:细节题:该题问的是作者对英国大学在商业化方面的看法。由顺序原则可定位至文首。首段提出人们对英国大学在知识到产品服务转化过程方面的批评,二段整体用调查数据证明首段对英国的大学的负面观点,提出英国大学在干细胞研究领域将会失去世界领先地位。但这些都并非作者观点,同时在第三段短首出现转折,然后引入作者方面的观点。可知作者观点与首二段相反,他并不认为英国失去世界领先地位,三段末句更提出英国大学在许多商业活动方面仍领先全球。可知作者认为英国大学仍大体领先世界,总体持正面肯定态度。选B
小题2:细节题:该题问的是作者对英国大学商业化表现的国家统计数据的看法。由national data可定位至第四段转折后,But national data masks the very large variation in the performance of individual universities.提到数据掩盖了单个大学之间表现的差距。Mask同义改写为does not reflect,variation同义改写为differences。选D
小题3:猜词题:该题考察“policy interventions”的意思。仅从字面意思“政府干预”还不足以选出答案,需要结合上下文。该短语所在的第四段提到这种“政府干预”促进了英国大学整体表现的提高,但之后转折指出,英国大学个体之间存在较大差异。第五段首更是将第四段强调的现象总结为“分配不平均”(uneven distribution)。由此可知这种“政府干预”指的应是政府对一部分大学的偏向性支持,而对更多的大学则支持不够,造成资源分配不均。对应A选项“资源集中在少数大学中”。
小题4:该题问的是作者对研究导向型大学的建议。由research-led universities可定位至全文第六段。该段中部用rather转折引出作者觉得这些大学应该(should)产生最广的社会、经济与环境等各方面效益(widest range),应该分享他们的专业技术资源,让整个领域(build greater confidence in the sector)都构筑起信心,此即为建议。对应A选项,仅有A强调了范围是all sectors of society。B提到的与缺乏资金的学校分享设施、C提到的扩大国际影响与D提到的扩大在顶级研究机构中的影响范围均太窄。
点评:文章较长,生词比较多,但是题目多是细节题,要求考生读懂文章中的每个句子的意思还要推理它们之间的关系,结合自己的生活常识和经验,再通过逻辑推理和判断,理解文章的言外之意,从而揭示文章的深层涵义。任何一篇文章都有其特定的写作目的,读者应当知道如何去做或按照某种方式传递思考问题。推理判断题的答案不可能在文章中直接找到,因此推理时我们务必要忠于原文,在文章中寻找并确定可推论的依据,即:已知部分-推论的前提,从中推测出未知部分-推理的结论,切忌妄加评论,把自己的观点当成作者的观点。
考点
据考高分专家说,试题“(The Guardian): More.....”主要考查你对 [科教类阅读 ]考点的理解。科教类阅读
科教类阅读的概念:
科教类阅读主要考查考生对书面语篇的整体领悟能力和接受及处理具体信息的能力。试题的取材,密切联系当前我国和世界经济、科技等方面的变化,有关数据的来源真实可信。
科教类文章阅读技巧:
一、材料特点:
这类文章的总体特点是:科技词汇多,句子结构复杂,理论性强,逻辑严谨。具体说来它有以下几个特点:
1、文章中词汇的意义比较单一、稳定、简明,不带感情色彩,具有单一性和准确性的特点。这类文章通常不会出现文学英语中采用的排比、比喻、夸张等修辞手法,一词多义的现象也不多见。
2、句子结构较复杂,语法分析较困难。为了描述一个客观事物,严密地表达自己的思想,作者经常会使用集多种语法现象于一体的长句。
3、常使用被动语态,尤其是一些惯用被动句式。
二、命题特点:
科普类阅读的主要命题形式有事实细节题、词义猜测题、推理判断题以及主旨概括题等,其中推理判断题居多。
三、应对策略:
1、要想做好科普英语阅读理解题,同学们就要注意平时多读科普知识类文章,学习科普知识,积累常见的科普词汇,从根本上提高科普英语的阅读能力。
2、要熟悉科普类文章的结构特点。科普类文章一般由标题(Head line),导语(Introduction),背景(Back ground),主体(Main body)和结尾(End)五部分构成。标题是文章中心思想高度而又精辟的概括,但根据历年的高考情况来看,这类阅读理解材料一般不给标题,而要同学们选择标题。导语一般位于整篇文章的首段。背景交待一个事实的起因。主体则对导语概括的事实进行详细叙述,这一部分命题往往最多,因此,阅读时,同学们要把这部分作为重点。结尾往往也是中心思想的概括,并与导语相呼应,命题者常在此要设计一道推理判断题。
3、在进行推理判断时,同学们一定要以阅读材料所提供的科学事实为依据,同时所得出的结论还应符合基本的科普常识。
科普类阅读应试策略:
【命题趋势】
阅读理解题主要考查考生对书面语篇的整体领悟能力和接受及处理具体信息的能力。试题的取材,密切联系当前我国和世界经济、科技等方面的变化,有关数据的来源真实可信。因此科普知识类文章是每年的必考题。分析历年的科普类文章我们不难发现以下特点:
1、文章逻辑性强,条理清楚,语法结构简单,用语通俗。
2、文章内容注重科技领域的新发现。内容新颖,从而使文章显得陌生,内容抽象复杂。
3、命题方面注意对具体细节的准确理解和以之为依据的推理判断。
4、以人们的日常行为或饮食健康入手,探讨利弊,诠释过程,阐述概念。
【应试对策】
许多考生在考试时感到困惑的是:为什么一些没有超越中学语法和词汇范围的篇章,读起来却不能正确理解,或者要花费很多时间才能读懂呢?这种现象的产生与阅读方法有很大的关系。例如,有的考生在考试时一见到文章就立刻开始读,结果读了半天,还不知道短文讲的是什么,试题要求了些什么,结果浪费了大量的时间,而阅读效果并不好。那么,怎样读效果才好呢?任何一种阅读方法或技巧的使用,都是由篇章特点和试题本身的要求决定的,应根据不同的体裁和试题要求采取不同的策略。
1、浏览。浏览的主要目的就是确定文章的体裁。如果文章属于人物传记、记叙文、故事、科普小品和有关社会文化、文史知识的文章,一般来说,应该先看看文章的试题考查内容,对题目类型做到心中有数,针对不同问题,在通读时有粗有细地去阅读,这样不仅能把握篇章的基本结构和逻辑线索,也能做好有关具体事实信息考查的试题。
2、挖掘寓意,掌握中心思想,推出结论。任何文章,作者在行文时都有一定的写作目的和主要话题。在通读篇章时应该吃透作者的写作意图,抓住文章的主题句,充分发挥自己的想象力和概括力,作出对中心思想的归纳和结论的推断。
3、把握篇章结构,利用上下文进行推测。高考中的阅读理解篇章往往是一个较完整的短文,其结构、思想,前后上下连贯统一。考试时应充分利用这一特点推测一些生词、短语在句中的含义,切莫盲目孤立猜测。
4、综观全篇,前后呼应。这是阅读理解的最后一步,在做完阅读理解题后,要立足于文章整体,再迅速读一遍短文,短文中的问题和答案的设置前后都是相关联的,有着一定的连续性,体现着文章的基本脉络。



