题文
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D项中，选出最佳选项。A
Imagine landing in a foreign country where you cannot speak the language, understand the culture and don’t know anybody. Wouldn’t it be nice to have a friend who could help you out?
John Smith, an English explorer who landed in America in 1607, found the best friend ever. She was a Native American named Pocahontas (1595-1617). And she did more than teach Smith the language: she saved his life, twice.
Smith was captured by members of Pocahontas’s tribe (部落) and was going to be killed. But for some reason, the Chief’s daughter, Pocahontas, felt sorry for Smith (who was probably the first white man she had ever seen) and threw her body over his to protect him. Smith returned safely to the small village he was living in.
During the winter the English settlers did not know how to get food from nature. Pocahontas often brought food for Smith and his friends.
A year later Pocahontas’s father tried to kill Smith again because the Native Americans were very scared the English would try to take over their land. Pocahontas warned him and he was able to escape.
Later she became a Christian and eventually married an Englishman named John Rolfe.
She spent the last year of her life in London.
Pocahontas has become an American legend (传奇). Her life story has been re-created in many books and films, including Disney’s 1995 film, Pocahontas.
One of the reasons she is so popular is that many Europeans look at Pocahontas as an excellent example of how a minority can adjust into the majority. Pocahontas is also respected because of her selfless love. She proved that people can be kind and loving even to people of a different race or culture. John Smith was very different from Pocahontas but she could see he was a good man and that was all that mattered. No race or country owns goodness, love and loyalty.
1.What difficulties might early European settlers meet in America EXCEPT ______?
A. the fierce conflict with Native Americans
B. bad-tempered natives who enjoyed killing
C. unfamiliarity with a foreign land
D. lack of food in winter
2.Pocahontas saved John Smith twice because ______.
A. he was the first white man she had ever seen in her life
B. she wanted to become a Christian and marry an Englishman
C. she believed in general kindness even to people of a different race
D. she was on the settlers’ side and against her cruel father
3.Which is NOT an element to make Pocahontas a legend?
A. Her tribal background and her marriage to a white settler.
B. Her selfless help to people regarded as enemy of her tribe.
C. Her complicated life story different from common people’s.
D. The recreation of her life story in the 1995 Disney film.
4.According to the text, Europeans think Pocahontas _____.
A. was brave to break away from her own tribe
B. set a good example for other natives to accept the white settlers
C. was a selfless Christian who can love her enemy
D. was open to a more advanced culture
5.What can we infer from the passage?
A. The battles between early settlers and Native Americans resulted from their fighting for land.
B. The Europeans think the early settlers should have learned to adjust to the local cultures.
C. The creation of America is based on the settlers’ victory over the Native Americans.
D. People from different cultures can never really get along well with each other.
B
Chinese students aren’t the only ones who have a sleep loss problem. In Australia, teenagers are also missing out on, on average, one hour’s sleep every night during the school week.
Organized activities and homework push bedtimes later, the first large-scale Australian study of children’s sleeping habits has revealed (显示). Their sleep deprivation (剥夺) is enough to cause “serious drop-offs in school performance, attention and memory”, and governments should consider later or flexible school start times, said the study’s leader, Tim Olds.
His survey, of more than 4,000 children aged 9 to 18, found those who slept least did not watch more television but spent their time socializing (相处) with family or friends or listening to music.
“Almost all children get up at 7 or 7:15 — they have to get to school on time,” said Olds. He favors a later start over an earlier finish because he believes organized sports and activities would still consume the latter end of the day.
Olds’research also establishes lack of sleep as a cause of weight gain in children, and a possible source of future problems with depression, anxiety and increased susceptibility (易感性) to illness.
It was already known that overweight children sleep less, but Professor Olds found sleep duration (时长) was strongly linked to weight across the full range of body sizes. The thinnest children sleep 20 minutes more than the obese. This showed being overweight had no specific effect on sleep patterns, and it was more likely that shorter sleep times stimulate (刺激) appetite and make kids hungry.
The US National Sleep Foundation says teenagers aged 13 to 18 need eight to nine hours’ sleep a night. Younger school-aged kids need 9 to 11 hours.
On that basis, Professor Olds said, half of Australian children are under-sleeping on weekdays and a quarter on weekends.
6. The Australian students surveyed don’t sleep enough because they spend more time on the following EXCEPT _____.
A. organized activities and homework
B. communication with friends and family
C. watching television programs
D. enjoying music
7. What effects does lack of sleep directly have on the students according to the survey?
A. They become overweight but begin to eat less than before.
B. They feel more depressed and anxious about their school work.
C. They are more likely to be affected with illness in the future.
D. They pay less attention in class and their memory declines.
8. Which of the following suggestions did Mr. Olds raise?
A. The students should go to bed earlier to have longer sleeping time.
B. The students should participate less in organized activities.
C. The school should put off the start time in the morning.
D. The school should finish earlier in the afternoon.
9. What does "obese" in the sixth paragraph mean?
A. average B. fat C. sleepless D. overeating
10. Which of the following statements is TRUE?
A. Australian students usually take part in activities in the afternoon.
B. More students are short of sleep on weekends than on weekdays.
C. Being overweight has an effect on the length of the sleeping time.
D. The survey suggests that teenagers need 8-9 hours’ sleep a night.
C
By day he is just a normal cat but when the lights go out, he glows (发光) in the dark.
Scientists have genetically modified (更改) a cat as part of an experiment that could lead to treatments for diseases.
Named Mr. Green Genes, he looks like a six-month-old cat but, under ultraviolet (紫外线的) light, his eyes, gums (牙龈) and tongue glow green. That is the result of a genetic experiment at the Audubon Center for Research of Endangered Species in New Orleans, US.
Mr. Green Genes is the first fluorescent (荧光的) cat in the US and probably the world, said Betsy Dresser, the center's director.
The researchers made him so they could learn whether a gene could be introduced harmlessly into a cat's genetic sequence (次序).
If so, it would be the first step in a process that could lead to the development of ways to treat diseases via gene therapy (治疗).
The gene, which was added to Mr. Green Genes' DNA, has no effect on his health, Ms Dresser said.
Cats are ideal for this project because their genetic makeup is similar to that of humans, said Dr Martha Gomez, a scientist at the center.
To show that the gene went where it was supposed to go, the researchers settled on one that would glow.
The gene "is just a marker"，said Leslie Lyons, an assistant professor at the University of California, Davis. Lyons is familiar with the center's work.
"The glowing part is the fun part," she said.
Glowing creatures made international news earlier this month when the Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to three scientists who had discovered the gene through their work with jellyfish (水母).
11.Which of the following might be the best title for the passage?
A. A Glowing Cat B. Mr. Green Genes
C. One Cat’s Life D. An experiment on cats
12. What can we conclude from the passage?
A. Fortunately, scientists have found ways to treat diseases via gene therapy.
B. Scientists think cats’ genetic makeup is the same as that of human beings.
C. Three scientists who had discovered the gene were given Nobel Prize in Physics.
D. Scientists have managed to introduce a gene into a cat’s genetic sequence.
13. What does “settled on” most probably mean in Paragraph 9?
A. chose B. killed C. took D. raised
14. From the passage we can see that ____.
A. Mr. Green Genes was made by researchers to treat diseases
B. the cat named Mr. Green Genes can glow when it is dark
C. Mr. Green Genes is the first fluorescent cat in the world
D. Mr. Green Genes is a cat of seven months old up to now
15. Which of the following is WRONG according to the text?
A. The gene added to Mr. Green Genes’ DNA doesn’t affect its health at all.
B. The scientists came up with the idea of the glowing genes totally for fun.
C. Earlier this month glowing creatures became news all through the world.
D. Scientists had discovered the gene from the jellyfish they worked with. 题型：未知 难度：其他题型
答案
1. B.
2. C
3. D
4. B
5. A
6. C
7. D
8. C
9. B
10. A
11. A
12. D
13. A
14. B
15. B
解析
1、本题总结了诸如John Smith这样的早期殖民者在北美大陆所遇到的困难，需要概括和推论的阅读技巧。从第1段内容可推出C，第4段和选项D有关，从Smith的经历可知殖民者和土著居民的激烈冲突，唯有选项B说土著嗜好杀戮，是对文章关于土著描述的误解，因此选B。
2、文章最后一段在谈到Pocahontas救John Smith时，就提到Pocahontas的“selfless love”，她救人没有其它企图，只是做了她认为的“the right thing”，而她的“right thing”就是 “people can be kind and loving even to people of a different race or culture.”。文章并没有把土著人放在邪恶的一边，殖民者也不代表正义，Pocahontas代表的是种族间的包容和融合，所以只有C正确。
3、Pocahontas作为部落酋长的女儿，却和白人殖民者结婚，无私帮助被视为部落仇人的殖民者，她的生活经历复杂与常人不同，这些都是构成她的传奇人生的要素。而95年版的Disney电影是记录她的传奇人生的产物，不是原因。
4、欧洲人对Pocahontas的看法在最后一段提到。原句为：…many Europeans look at Pocahontas as an excellent example of how a minority can adjust into the majority.从这句可以看出很多欧洲人还是有偏见的，把土著人看成少数民族，认为别人应该都像Pocahontas那样为他们做出调整，向他们靠近。所以B正确。但是文中并没有说欧洲人认为自己的文化更高级，所以D错误。
5、文章第5段谈到Pocahontas的父亲想杀John Smith的原因是“the Native Americans were very scared the English would try to take over their land”，说明土著人和殖民者的矛盾冲突的原因是对土地的争夺。所以A正确。Pocahontas受到白人推崇的一个原因就是她作为minority的一员很好地适应了白人这样的majority，可以看出白人在心理上的优势，认为土著该适应和融入欧洲文化，而不是B项中的白人适应当地土著文化。全文最后一句“This selfless attitude led to the successful creation of America.”可以判断C项的错误。
6、此题归纳了澳洲学生睡眠不足的原因，文章第3段说这个调查“found those who slept least did not watch more television”，所以看太多电视并不是影响睡眠的原因。
7、文章第2段提到 “sleep deprivation” 会造成“serious drop-offs in school performance, attention and memory”, 所以选项D是睡眠不足直接造成的结果。
选项A中提到的肥胖是睡眠不足引起的，但后半部分是错的，学生并没有因此而吃得更少，相反，第6段的最后一句告诉我们睡眠不足会刺激食欲，意味着会吃得更多。
选项B、C 不是直接的结果，只是将来可能出现的情况。睡眠不足是“a possible source of future problems”。
8、此题为推理题，判断的关键依据是文章第4段讲到Mr Olds “favors a later start over an earlier finish because he believes organized sport and activities would still consume the latter end of the day.”，他希望学校能推迟上课时间，而不要提早结束一天的活动上床睡觉，因为运动和活动还是要安排在“the latter end of the day”。
在第2段Mr Olds 还说“governments should consider later or flexible school start times”，因此C项正确。
9、词义猜测题，可充分利用上下文来完成此题。第6段开头就提出“overweight children sleep less”，瘦的孩子比“obese”的多睡20分钟，可见“obese”和“overweight”意思是一样的。
10、A. B项的错误在于讲反了，更多澳洲学生平时比周末缺少睡眠。在文章最后一句话可找到论据。
C项谈的是肥胖和睡眠时间的关系，“being overweight had no specific effect on sleep patterns, and it was more likely that shorter sleep times triggered appetite-stimulating hormones”说明肥胖并不是睡眠时间少的原因，而是睡眠不足刺激食欲引起了肥胖，因此C项错误。
青少年需要的睡眠时间是The US National Sleep Foundation提出来的，和此调查无关。“organized sport and activities would still consume the latter end of the day”，从“still”可推测学生通常在一天的后半段时间进行活动和锻炼，所以A项正确。
11、标题、主旨题。本文主要讲述了科学家给一只猫的身体引入了新的基因，使其会在没有灯光的时候可以发光。使用A选项不但反映了文章的中心思想，而且能引起读者的兴趣。
12、细节理解题，根据文章第五、七段可知答案。
13、词义理解题，根据文章倒数第四段可得知答案：为了弄清基因到了它该去的地方， 研究者们选择了一种会发光的基因。
14、细节理解题，根据文章第一段可得知答案。
15、细节理解题，根据文章倒数第二、三、四段可得知答案。
考点
据考高分专家说，试题“阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D.....”主要考查你对 [人物传记类阅读 ]考点的理解。人物传记类阅读
人物传记类文章的文体特征：
人物传记是记叙文体的一种，主要描写某人的生平事迹、趣闻轶事、生活背景、个性特征、成长奋斗历程等，包含记叙文的时间、地点、人物、事件等要素。其特点是以时间的先后或事件的发展为主线，空间或逻辑线索贯穿文章始终，脉络清楚，可读性较强。
人物传记类文章的阅读策略和解题技巧：
1、把握文体特征，注意写作手法如前文所述，人物传记是记叙文体的一种，因此在阅读时要把握好时间、地点、人物和事件这四大要素。
其次，还应该注意人物传记类文章的结构多按时间顺序排列，一般采用倒叙的写作手法，有时也采用插叙和补叙等手段。弄清楚人物传记类文章的特征和写作手法，能帮助考生在阅读和回答问题时做到高效省时、准确无误。
2、抓住题干关键词，采用寻读的方法查找细节描述事实细节题是人物传记类文章的主要题型，一般常见以下几种类型：
(1)对号入座题：
这种题的答案一般在原文中可以直接找到，只要读懂文章，掌握文章中的事实，如时间、地点、事件等细节问题，就能选对正确答案。
(2)词义转换题：
这种题常常是原文有关词语和句子的转换，而不能在原文中直接找到。它要求考生能理解原文中某个短语或句子的含义，从而找到与答案意思相同的词语和句子。
(3)是非题：
该题型俗称“三缺一”题型，即题目四个选项中有三个符合文章内容，剩下一个不符合。题干多为：Which of the following isTRUE?或者三个不符合文章内容，剩下一个符合，题干多为：Which of the following…isNOTtrue?或All the following are true EXCEPT
(4)排序题：
这种题要求考生根据动作发生的先后顺序和句子之间的逻辑关系，找出事件发生的正确顺序。可采用“首尾定位法”，即先找出第一个动作和最后一个动作，迅速缩小选择范围，从而快速选出正确答案。
(5)指代理解题：
一般是在人物或事物关系比较复杂的情况下使用的一种题型，所以理清人物及事物之间的逻辑关系是关键所在。可采用“逻辑关系梳理法”，使人物或事件关系清晰条理。不管题型如何，在做事实细节题时，可采用比较实用的方法一有目的的阅读。在阅读时，首先看题目要求我们理解什么细节，找出关键词，然后以此为线索，运用寻读的技巧迅速在文章里找出相应的段落、句子或短语。认真比较选项和文中细节的区别，在正确理解细节的前提下，确定最佳答案。这样一来，既提高了阅读的速度，又能确保答案的准确率。同时，建议阅读文章时把与答案相符的句子或短语用红线标示出来，标号注上是哪一题答案的相关句子，这样在检查时就不必重新阅读整篇文章了。
3、抽丝剥茧，推理判断深层含义推理判断题主要提问那些未曾在文中说明，但已特别暗示的内容，考查考生对文章的准确理解和判断。人物传记类文章常见的推理判断题型为：
(1)细节推断题：
要求考生根据语篇关系，推断具体细节，如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件等。一般可根据短文提供的信息，或者借助生活常识进行推理判断。
(2)因果推断题：
要求考生根据已知结果推测导致结果的可能原因。考生要准确掌握文章的内涵，理解文章的真正含义。
(3)人物性格、作者态度及观点判断题：
人物传记类文章中有些是考查考生对作者的主导思想、被描写人物的语气、言语中流露的情绪、性格倾向和作者或文中人物态度、观点等方面的理解题。推理判断题要求在理解原文表面文字信息的基础上做出一定推论和判断，从而得到文章的隐含意义和深层意义。解答此类题时，要注意：
(1)吃透文章的字面意思，从字里行间捕捉有用的提示和线索，这是推理的前提和基础。
(2)对文字的表面信息进俐宅掘加工，由表及里，由浅入深。从具体到抽象，从特殊到一般，通过分析、综合、判断等进行符合逻辑的推理。不能就事论事，断章取义，以偏概全。
(3)基于文章内容，以文章提供的事实和线索为依据，立足已知，推断未知。不能主观臆想，凭空想象，随意揣测，更不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点。
(4)把握句、段之间的逻辑关系，了解语篇的结构。要体会文章的基调，揣摸作者的态度，摸准逻辑发展的方向，悟出作者的弦外之音。
(5)注意文中所用词句的感情色彩，是讽刺性的，批评性的，赞成性的，还是反对性的，以便推测作者的观点和态度。
